• Topic: Korean Red Cross (कोरियाई रेड क्रॉस)

• Writer: Shreya Bharti, Devitt Khuallalmuan Ngaihte

• Article: 

कोरियाई रेड क्रॉस

कोरिया गणराज्य राष्ट्रीय रेड क्रॉस (आमतौर पर कोरियाई रेड क्रॉस के रूप में जाना जाता है) एक मानवतावादी संगठन है जो दक्षिण कोरिया के अंदर आपातकालीन सहायता, आपदा राहत और शिक्षा प्रदान करता है। यह इंटरनेशनल फेडरेशन ऑफ रेड क्रॉस और रेड क्रिसेंट सोसाइटीज का नामित दक्षिण कोरियाई सहयोगी है।

गठन 27 अक्टूबर, 1905; 117 साल पहले

संस्थापक सम्राट गोजोंग

प्रकार गैर सरकारी संगठन

उद्देश्य मानवीय

जगह वोनजू, दक्षिण कोरिया

क्षेत्र सेवा की दक्षिण कोरिया

अध्यक्ष शिन ही-यंग

मानद अध्यक्ष यूं सुक-योल

मानद उपाध्यक्ष हान डक-सू

जुड़ाव इंटरनेशनल रेड क्रॉस एवं रेड क्रेसेन्ट मोवमेंट

वेबसाइट www.redcross.or.kr

इतिहास

जब सम्राट गोजोंग ने 27 अक्टूबर 1905 को कोरियाई रेड क्रॉस के गठन की घोषणा करने का फरमान सुनाया, तो समाज की स्थापना सियोल में हुई थी। संगठन को 26 मई 1955 को रेड क्रॉस की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समिति द्वारा मान्यता दी गई थी, 28 सितंबर 1955 को अंतर्राष्ट्रीय रेड क्रॉस सोसाइटी का सदस्य बना, [1] और शनिवार 11 नवंबर 1995 को अंतर्राष्ट्रीय जीवन रक्षक संघ (ILS) का सदस्य बना। संस्था ने न केवल स्वास्थ्य संबंधी कौशल और ज्ञान के प्रसार में बल्कि 1949 से सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य की सुरक्षा में भी योगदान दिया है।

1971 में दोनों पक्षों के कोरियाई आधिकारिक रूप से मिले और पहली बार हाथ मिलाया, उत्तर कोरियाई रेड क्रॉस सोसाइटी के एक पत्र के वितरण के दौरान दक्षिण कोरियाई राष्ट्रीय रेड क्रॉस के एक प्रस्ताव को स्वीकार करते हुए अलग हुए परिवारों की समस्याओं की संयुक्त जांच के लिए प्रायद्वीप का विभाजन। वर्ष के अंत में दोनों संस्थाओं के प्रतिनिधिमंडलों के बीच प्रारंभिक बैठकें कई बार आयोजित की गईं। [2] आगामी वर्ष में दोनों समाज लगभग 30 बार मिले, एक प्रारंभिक समझौते पर पहुंचे। [3] फिर 1973 में प्रगति रुक गई। [4]

गतिविधि

सभी गतिविधियाँ रेड क्रॉस (कोरिया में गतिविधि) की मौलिक गतिविधि पर आधारित हैं

1)रेड क्रॉस रीनेगोसिएशन द्वारा सैन्य चिकित्सा संस्थान के रूप में कोरियाई युद्ध के पीड़ितों और कैदियों के राहत कार्य के लिए थेरेपी। (युद्धविराम वार्ता में कैदी के बारे में बातचीत, 1952)

2) प्रलय, रोग, आपात्काल तथा अनेक समस्याओं से पीड़ित व्यक्तियों की सहायता। (1994 में सेओंगसु पुल के ढहने की दुर्घटना, 1995 में संपोंग डिपार्टमेंट स्टोर का ढहना)

3)युद्ध या आपातकाल से पीड़ित विदेशी शरणार्थियों के लिए सुरक्षा।

4)चिकित्सा देखभाल के लिए अस्पताल, मोबाइल क्लिनिक, आपातकालीन चिकित्सा स्टेशन और कई साइटों का निर्माण करें।

5)रक्तदान अभियान, ब्लड बैंक के प्रबंधन और अन्य चीजों के माध्यम से रक्त संकट के लिए सहायता। (कोरिया में पहली बार रक्त अभियान की शुरुआत, 1965)

6)कई सुरक्षा आंदोलन जैसे प्राथमिक चिकित्सा, जल संरक्षण, पर्वत गतिविधि, पर्यावरण संरक्षण।

7)घरेलू स्वास्थ्य देखभाल जैसे नि:शुल्क इलाज, विकलांगों के लिए उपचार, और अन्य उपचार।

शिक्षा आंदोलन और किशोर गतिविधि।

8)कई स्वैच्छिक सेवा और सामुदायिक सेवा का संचालन।

9)अंतरराष्ट्रीय मानवीय कानून और रेड क्रॉस के सिद्धांत का प्रसार। (1995 में एशिया और प्रशांत स्वयंसेवक सम्मेलन आयोजित करें)

10)अंतर्राष्ट्रीय रेड क्रॉस के साथ सहायता और आपसी सहयोग।

11)बिछड़े हुए परिवारों के लिए निरंतर खोज अभियान, रेड क्रॉस आंदोलन और उत्तर कोरिया और कोरिया 12)गणराज्य के बीच सम्मेलन।

संदर्भ

1)कोरियाई रेड क्रॉस वेबपेज, इतिहास 1960 से पहले"।

 2)विलियम ई. स्किलेंड (कोरिया पर अध्याय) (1972)। मकाडम, इविसन; ग्रिंड्रोड, म्यूरियल; बोआस, ऐन (संस्करण)। द एनुअल रजिस्टर ऑफ़ वर्ल्ड इवेंट्स 1971. 213. ग्रेट ब्रिटेन: लॉन्गमैन्स, ग्रीन एंड कंपनी लिमिटेड पी. 309. आईएसबीएन 0-582-11971-5।

1. Topic: Printing Culture In South Korea

2. Writers: Diyasha Datta, Sucheta Adhikary

3. Short Explanation: We created a Wikipedia page about the evolution of printing culture in Korea and how Koreans used to print their scripts in the ancient age, using different printing methods, even before Gutenberg invented the printing technology.

4. Wikipedia link: Printing Culture in South Korea

Printing Culture in Korea

INTRODUCTION

South Korea, often referred to as the Land of Morning Calm, never fails to fascinate the world with the plethora of breathtaking natural landscapes, historical landmarks, and the well-known UNESCO World heritage sites. Besides being blessed with mighty mountains, serene sea beaches, peaceful rivers, rich cultural heritage and four unique seasons, Korea is also known for their traditional delicacies, Korean beauty products, ever-flourishing entertainment industry and their tremendous success in the fields of technology which never ceases to attract visitors. The Gitanjali author, Rabindranath Tagore, an Indian Nobel Laureate in Literature, had described Korea in his quatrain,” In the golden age of Asia, Korea was one of its lamp bearers, and that lamp is waiting to be lit once again, For the illumination of the East.” Owing to Korea’s long isolationist policies and inadequate documentation, Korea has often been seen as a land full of mysteries and unknown charms waiting to be known and explored by the curious world outside its borders. The world is still oblivious to many of the revolutionary contributions that ‘The Lamp of East’ has made to the world in its course of evolution. One such contribution is towards the invention and evolution of the Print Culture, especially, in the eastern world.

KOREAN TRADITIONAL CALLIGRAPHY

Calligraphy refers to the visual art of graceful and systematic representation of textual information i.e., art mediated letters, that was used before more efficient techniques of printing letters and scripts came to be implemented for important documentations. Finding its roots in ancient China, this art form travelled across borders spreading, mainly, over the eastern part of Asia, finding its way to nations like Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Calligraphic styles got molded into unique forms with time as a result of adaptation to the diverse writing systems followed in different nations and provinces.

After the introduction of the Chinese Calligraphy in the Korean peninsula around the 2nd or 3rd century CE, its popularity surged during the 7th century. While in the 8th century, Kim Saeng (金生) became known as the earliest Korean calligraphic master, in the 9th century the poet Choe Chiwon (최치원) became a renowned calligraphy master in both Silla (신라) and Tang Dynasties (唐朝). A Buddhist scholar-officer, painter and epigrapher, Kim Jeong-hui (김정희), came to be recognized as the greatest calligrapher in the Joseon Dynasty after he perfected the bold free-form calligraphic style inspired by the ancient Chinese Lishu script.

The term Seoye (Korean: 서예; Hanja: 書藝) was coined to refer to the traditional calligraphic style employed in the Korean Peninsula. Since, China is the origin of most east Asian calligraphic forms, writing system in early Korean traditions, essentially involved both Hanja (Chinese Characters) and Hangeul (Korean Alphabets). Hanja continued to be used as the official script and in Korean calligraphy until the nationalist sentiments of the Korean inhabitants led to the popularization of the native Hangeul alphabets during the 1910-1945 Japanese invasion of Korea.

Calligraphy in Korea is practiced by using a distinct array of equipment listed as paper, brush, ink stick and ink stone, collectively known as the ‘Four Friends’ or ‘Munbangsawoo (문방사우)’.

PRINTING TECHNOLOGY CAME TO WORLD

It is widely believed that Johannes Gutenberg, a German blacksmith and inventor, was the first person to be able to craft a technology for printing scripts. Often regarded as the Father of Printing, he did make some major contributions to the print culture in the Western World by inventing the movable metal type printing mechanism. Nonetheless, he also pioneered the production method of printing ink and continued to bring technological innovations in this field, which soon spread across the major European cities, promoting intellectual wealth due to ease of dissemination of knowledge and fostered reading culture within the continent. However, whether he really was the first to introduce printing technologies to the globe has always been called into question. According to various studies and ancient texts found in the east, this important breakthrough had been anticipated over two centuries prior in Korea, where no less than six distinct fonts of metal type had already been created by the time the renowned Gutenberg Bible was printed.

THE PRINTING PROWESS OF GORYEO

The Goryeo kingdom (고려 왕국), one of the three major Korean kingdoms described in the Samguk Yusa, is known to have been the adobe of several of the master printers of the time, which also helped literature flourish across the peninsula.

Yi Gyubo (이규보), a distinguished man of letters and the Prime Minister of King Gojong (고종) of the Goryeo Dynasty had confirmed the existence of printing technologies in the eastern world even before Gutenberg developed the movable metal type printing system in 1440. In line with his words, the first book printed by employing movable metal techniques was already compiled by Choe Yun-ui (최윤의) around 1234. In one of Gyubo’s books, he recounts the process of printing and producing twenty-eight copies of a Confucian work entitled Sang-jeong-ye-mun (상정예문) or "Detailed Text for Rites of the Past and Present" with a purpose of its distribution to several government offices.

There are sufficient evidences to support the speculation that the invention of movable metal types took place in a country where the practice of printing was already well-established. American scholar T.F. Carter once noted, “Type mold was the key to the invention of type printing technology. The Koreans pioneered this technology, which demonstrates the significance of Korean printing.” The Silla dynasty artisans had already achieved expertise in woodblock printing more than seven hundred years before Gutenberg and five hundred years before the introduction of moveable metal type.

THE WOODBLOCK WONDER IN KOREA

Concrete information about the actual commencement of woodblock printing culture is hard to state as scholars and academicians continue to hold conflicting opinions regarding the origination of Woodblock mechanism. Despite the fact, some historians have acknowledged that the invention of xylography, or woodblock printing, as a technique employed for printing on textiles, and subsequently on paper, took place in ancient China amid the Tang culture's heyday between 712 and 756. Spreading from China across different parts of Asia and farther, woodblock printing had frequently been used for the purpose of imprinting bold designs and vivid patterns on a variety of surfaces. Interestingly, artisans and architects from different cultural backgrounds could devise techniques to print images by carving out pictures on wood pieces. In the contemporary world, stampings made of rubber or wood are an example of this system which are generally used for official seals from governments. Data suggest that this momentous breakthrough had possibly led to the dawn of printing technologies in the world.

Even before the movable metal type printing mechanism came to the scene, woodblock printing technique had already achieved great proficiency among the various countries where it had set its foot. However, Korea’s contribution and accomplishments in this field still remain incomparable owing to its remarkable attainments so as to approve that the most noteworthy achievements are often nurtured within the smallest civilizations. It has been discovered that Korea was under the reign of Silla dynasty when the invention of woodblock printing was in progress in China. In consideration of the Silla dynasty’s close affinity with the China owing to a military alliance with the T’ang dynasty, leading to direct unification of Korean peninsula, it might be reasonable to assume that the technology of printing using carved wooden blocks entered the Korean peninsula, not too late after its invention in China.

The discovery of the concise Buddhist scroll, titled, The Undefined Pure Light Great Dharani Sutra, in 1966 at the Bulguksa temple (불국사), situated in the coastal city, Gyeongju (경주시) of Korea, has sparked speculations that it might be the earliest extant scripture to have been engraved with woodblock carvings. Presumptions by the scholars and researchers indicate that the scroll was printed between 706 and 751 in the Silla kingdom.

A similar discovery took place in Dunhuang (敦煌市), China, where The Diamond Sutra, potentially, the oldest surviving Chinese woodblock printed scroll was found. An examination of this scroll revealed that it was printed by Wang Chieh in 868, under the rule of the Tang Dynasty, with an aim to pray for the soul of his late parents. The pattern which was used in engraving the scroll expresses the presence of a high level of technological expertise at the period which possibly interprets the existence of woodblock printing mechanism even before this scroll was printed. An Analogy conducted between the two scrolls (The Dharani Sutra of Korea and The Diamond Sutra of China) makes it clear that both exhibit exceptional craftsmanship and artistry, but, the artefact or document discovered in the land of Korea illustrate characteristics that give a clue of a comparatively older era and greater expertise.

Only an expert in applying ink to lettering, cut from wooden blocks could use this precise method of printing. The paper was placed on a wooden plate face down and compressed. The woodblocks occasionally were grouped according to their various functions and often had two handles on the ends to safeguard the plates. Seopan (서판) was used as a calligraphy practise book, Neunghwapan (능화판) was used for book cover illustrations, Inchalgongchaekpan (인찰공책판) was used as a notepad, and Dopan was used for diagrams. Chaekpan (책판) was the book plate used for a book's primary contents.

Korea's woodblock printing stood apart from other woodblock printing styles because, unlike manuscripts that could only be printed once due to their uniqueness, Korean editions contained distinguishing features such letter sizes that could be replicated. By analysis of the various scriptural styles and woodblock forms, it is observed that woodblock prints also differed by time period, providing a clear window to observe societal changes throughout Korean history.

Early in the reign of Goryeo Dynasty, the practice of printing was further developed and improved (918-1392). The Precious Box Seal Dharani sutra is undeniably the finest of all such works performed since the initial years the Goryeo Dynasty. Issued by Cheong Ji-sa Temple in 1007, this piece of work exhibits remarkable workmanship and talent.

THE COMPILATION OF TRIPITAKA KOREANA

The Goryeo Kingdom, which flourished around seven centuries ago amid a period of conflict and imperial clashes, was the only civilisation to chronicle all of the known Buddhist ideologies. Since before the common era, written Hanja, Buddhism, and Confucianism have all been steadily advancing within the Korean culture. Buddhism had quickly surpassed traditional beliefs and Confucian principles, as the most deeply ingrained religion among Koreans. The Goryeo Daejanggyeong (고려 대장경; Goryeo dynasty Tripitaka), known as the “Tripitaka Koreana” to the modern scholarly world, is a Korean collection of the Tripitaka (Buddhist scriptures).

The enormous 6,000-chapter Tripitaka Koreana, which is based on a Buddhist scripture acquired from Sung China in 991, is the greatest accomplishment of the Goryeo people in the art of woodblock printing, and maybe in the history of all arts. The Tripitaka Koreana was initially carved by Korean Buddhist scholars, commencing in 1011 under King Hyeonjong when the Khitan ravaged Goryeo during the Third Goryeo-Khitan Wars. The carving of the woodblocks was ordered by the King to allude to Buddha's protection against the Khitan invasion. The Tripitaka plates had been preserved by monks in a temple located to modern-day Daegu (대구).

As Genghis Khan's great-grandsons terrorised and destroyed Eurasian kingdoms and towns in the 13th century, they had less fortune, capturing the Goryeo Kingdom on the Korean Peninsula. The Goryeo people had put up a fierce and seemingly unbeatable defence during the rough 40-years of the Mongol-Goryeo war and resistance, which took place between 1231 and 1270. The royal family made sporadic concessions and denied the Mongols an outright victory from the island fortress of Ganghwado (강화도), a region of modern-day Incheon (인천), away from Mongols on horseback who were amateur in naval warfare.

An unfortunate event marked the second Mongol invasion in 1232. The nomadic Mongols burnt and demolished the 6,000-volume, First Tripitaka Koreana wooden printing blocks at the Buinsa Buddhist monastery (부인사) in Daegu. The Goryeo people responded to that tragic cultural and religious loss with a 16-year project (1236 to 1251) to carve the Tripitaka Koreana, an incredible set of more than 81,000 wooden printing blocks.

King Gojong of Goryeo ordered the Tripitaka to be recarved when Goryeo's capital was relocated to Ganghwa Island during the, almost, three decades of Mongol encroachment. From 1236 to 1251, 16 years were spent engraving the characters with support from Choe U (최우) and his son Choe Hang (최항), and involving monks from both the Seon and Gyo schools. The second copy was sent by the court to Haeinsa library when the Yi Dynasty came into power in 1398, where it has stayed ever since. This copy of Tripitaka Koreana is generally referred to as the Palman Daejanggyeong (팔만 대장경). In the 13th century, Korea was impressively ahead of the world in the journey of inventing metal types printing mechanisms. At that time, the Goryeo people had developed woodblock printing with an impressive carving of more than 52 million characters in Palman Daejanggyeong, which translates to 80,000 Tripitaka.

The term "Tripitaka," which means "Three Baskets" in Sanskrit and "Daejanggyeong" in Korean, signifies the collection of Buddhist texts, also known as the Buddhist canon, that include accounts of conversations with the Buddha (Sutta-pitaka), rules for living as a monk (Vinaya-pitaka), and commentaries on the sutras by distinguished monks and scholars (Abhidhamma-pitaka). There have been numerous attempts by various nations to engrave the Buddhist scriptures on wooden printing blocks for distribution after Buddhism was introduced to East Asia through China and the scriptures were translated from various Indian and Central Asian languages to classical Chinese (the language of educated discourse throughout East Asia, including Korea). In the Asian continent, the Tripitaka Koreana is the only full canon that is still in existence.

Although the Goryeo dynasty ordered the creation of the Tripitaka Koreana, a wooden block version of the Tripitaka, Haeinsa Monastery (해인사) also directly ordered individual woodblocks of several Buddhist scriptures. There are 5,987 different woodblocks that have been made and kept in Haeinsa Monastery, with years of scribing ranging from 1098 to 1958. These miscellaneous scriptural woodblocks, some of which are the sole copies that still exist today, were produced to add to the Tripitaka.

The Palman Daejanggyeong is the most comprehensive encyclopaedic collection of Buddhism studies available, which is a compilation of all known Buddhist knowledge up to the 13th century. The Tripitaka Koreana's woodblocks and the scriptures have significant cultural value as an example of the best printing and publishing methods used at the time. Each block was organised and prepared with great care, then each them were precisely and individually inscribed. The printing blocks have proved their exceptional longevity by continuing to produce clear, complete prints of the Tripitaka, even after hundreds of years of its creation.

Buddhism was the national religion of the Goryeo Kingdom, and indeed it was with Buddhist faith that the Goryeo people met the divine challenge and completed the carving of Palman Daejanggyeong during a time of war. The Palman Daejanggyeong printing blocks have dimensions that fall between 68 and 78 centimetres in width, 24 centimetres in height, and between 2.7 and 3.3 centimetres in thickness.

The wooden blocks were crafted from wild pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) and Sargent's cherries (Prunus sargentii) tree barks. To prevent warping or breaking of the hardwood planks, the timber had to undergo a three-year procedure that comprised soaking it in sea water, immersing it in boiling salt water, and gentle drying. The incredible machine-like uniformity and consistency exhibited by each of the 52 million manually carved Hanja characters has always been a source of fascination and has left the researchers puzzled. "The calligraphy in Palman Daejanggyeong is done by sinpil (divine writing), not by yukpil (person's writing)," claimed by the renowned Joseon scribe chusa Kim Jeong-hui (김정희) (1786 -1856).

A rough sketch of a comprehensive "knowledge system", that creates and disseminates information, is illustrated through the woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and other Buddhist scriptures. The Tripitaka is a collection of Buddhist literature that includes scripture, instruction manuals, commentary, doxography, and history.

These wooden printing blocks evolved into a tool for the ongoing production and dissemination of information. Haeinsa Monastery created replicas of these woodblocks whenever there was a demand for them to be used as study tools and teaching aids for ordained people. As a result, Haeinsa Monastery was able to establish itself as the primary site for the traditional practise of knowledge transmission, serving as a place for Buddhist instruction, the preservation of knowledge, and academic study. Being the designated Dharma-jewel Monastery of Korea, Haeinsa Monastery continues this legacy as a centre of Buddhist scholastic research. It is in charge of passing on the Dharma, one of the Three Precious Jewels of Buddhism, together with Buddha, the Law, and the Ecclesia or Order.

The Tripitaka Koreana is the 32nd national treasure of Korea due to the collection's exceptional completeness and preservation. The committee also praised the item's outstanding craftsmanship and visual appeal. In addition to this, the Haeinsa Temple Jang Gyeong Panjeon (장경파전), the depository for Tripitaka Koreana, has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as well as the 52nd national treasure of Korea.

MOVABLE METAL TYPE OF GORYEO KOREA

Detailed Rituals of Old and New (Gogeum-sangjeong-yemun), which was published before 1234, is seemingly an important source that may be used to date the usage of movable metal type during the Goryeo era. Goryeo's moveable metal type printing mechanism developed independently from its Chinese counterpart, and its originality has been acknowledged, unlike the paper and woodblock printing that China introduced. The movable metal type was invented by a Chinese peasant in the 11th century. The board was assembled with letters needed for a page to be printed, a technique that slowly came into use during the 12th century. Examining data on type use in Song China is worthwhile despite the variations in the actual types, understanding of type printing, and materials utilised for it.

In Shen Kuo's Meng Xi Bi Tan (梦溪笔谈, 1030–1094), which details the earthen moveable type produced by Bi Sheng (畢昇) under Emperor Renzong, the manufacture of movable type during Song China is thoroughly described (1041-1048). Due to its clay composition, the Chinese earthen moveable types were not durable. This approach was subsequently dropped owing to its impracticality because it required adhesives such as resin and beeswax to adhere the type onto the panel. The essential idea behind printing with individual types was, however, not entirely different from that of Goryeo's moveable metal type system.

As previously stated, information regarding the use of Goryeo’s moveable metal type was discovered in the addendum of the New Edition of Detailed Rituals of Old and New, which was part of the Collected Works of Minister Yi Gyubo, vol. 11, Part 2 (1168-1241). King Injong (인종; reigned 1123–1146), reportedly, commanded academics, including Choe Yun-ui, to publish Detailed Rituals of Old and New. Later, when it was discovered that some of its contents were missing or some of its characters were unreadable, the monarch had two duplicates produced and sent one to the Ritual Bureau and another to the home of Choe Ui for storage.

However, it is to be noted that, only the duplicate at Choe Ui's home survived the Mongol conquest of Goryeo because the copy stored at the Ritual Bureau had not been transported to the interim capital on Ganghwa Island. The king then commanded the printing professionals to print 28 copies of the book in cast metal type and distribute one copy to each government agency. It would have been nearly impossible for the dynasty to create a new type or improve the one it already had during the invasion, so it is reasonable to assume that movable metal type first appeared in Goryeo between 1234 and 1241, which corresponds to the time between the transfer of the capital to Ganghwa Island and the demise of Choe Ui.

The invention of movable metal type was Goryeo's overwhelming contribution to science and technology. The technological capability existed by the early thirteenth century in the form of suitable papers and inks and in the availability of sufficient metalworking knowledge. The two wars that decimated the royal palace of Goryeo, along with tens of thousands of books in the imperial library, in 1126 and 1170, brought home the importance of producing books in multiple versions. China, a significant source of book supply, was tied-up with conflicts at the same time, which reduced book production. A surplus of bronze, an increasing shortage of timber ideal for printing blocks, and the possibility of cost savings from frequently using a typeface were additional stimuli that influenced the development of moveable metal types on the Korean peninsula.

The proponents of movable metal type were originally let down because their invention did not find widespread support. For the Korean people, a book was both a repository of knowledge and a work of art. For the next 170 years, this new technique was reduced to the status of a minor oddity due to the incomparable beauty and degree of detail achieved with wood. It was not until 1403 that Taejong (조선 태종), the second monarch of the Yi dynasty, resurrected the abandoned technique when he started the casting of metal type for the printing of Confucian texts and historical literature with the goal of assisting government officials to rule judiciously.

The movable metal type printing of Goryeo was handed down through to the Joseon dynasty, from its founding period of King Taejo and Taejong and the cultural golden age of King Sejong, finally to the reign of King Seongjong, when Joseon’s systems and institutions were reinforced. The dynasty was able to enter a prosperous period of cultural development despite these upheavals. The gyemi, gabin, and gyeongja fonts were created in the early Joseon period, with the gabin font employed for the most recastings. Many typefaces were created and used to print books under the reigns of King Sejo and King Seongjong. From the 15th century, the creation of the jeongu, imjin, and jeongni fonts furthered Joseon's cultural advancement.

JIKJI (직지)

In Korean Buddhism, Jikji refers to the monk Baegun's Anthology of the Great Priests' Teachings on Identifying the Buddha's Spirit through Seon [仙 = zen] practice. World's oldest movable metal print book is an edition of Jikji printed during the Goryeo Dynasty in 1377. It was included in the Memory of the World program by UNESCO in September 2001, recognizing Jikji as the oldest metal type book in the world. Metal-type Jikji was published in Heungdeok Temple (청주 흥덕사지) in 1377, 78 years before Gutenberg's "42-Line Bible" of 1452-1455. It has been preserved in part at the Manuscrits Orientaux division of the National Library of France, where an incomplete copy remains today.

Jikji was founded by the Buddhist monk Baegun (백운경한; 1298-1374, Buddhist name Gyeonghan), to help Buddhist monks teach Zen Buddhism, an endeavour in which he played a leading role. There is a great deal of similarity between the Buddha's teachings in this work and Zen Buddhism, which became popular in Japan soon after. A great source of pride for modern Koreans is Jikji, the world's oldest movable type book, which they view not only as an example of how they want to make a positive impact on the world, but also as evidence to support their belief that Korea is as innovative and progressive as any other nation in the world—a testimony to humanity's ability to achieve great things.

Jikji contains a selection of excerpts from well-known Buddhist monks from various generations. It comes from the Chen Chinese school of Buddhism and incorporates lessons from 110 Chinese Buddhist teachers, 28 Indian Buddhist leaders, and 7 previous Buddhas. Jikji is divided into 154 subsections, 307 short passages, and two volumes. In the first volume of Jikji, ancient Indian patriarchs are quoted as they discuss topics like eradication, impermanence, Buddha-nature, emptiness, non-duality, and wisdom and eradication of a dualistic way of thinking. The second part includes the perspectives of later Chinese successors, discussing topics such as detachment, mental development, and patriarchal Chan (also known as Korean seon), as well as the subjects discussed in the Indian fascicle. The primary content of the initial volume concerns emptiness and the detachment from language and alphabets. During the 13th century, the Chan monks were prominent and played a crucial role in the second section of the text, which covers subjects related to the pursuit of enlightenment, saviourism, and eliminating foolish ideas. Seong-hae, a master monk the Seoul-based Jogye (대한불교조계종) Order of Korean Buddhism, stated that the messages conveyed all uphold a fundamental principle of Buddhism, which is to liberate oneself from societal status and suffering to discover one's genuine identity. A woodblock version of Jikji was created in June of 1378, modelled after the design of the metal type Jikji from 1377. The woodblock edition, which closely resembled the metal-type edition and included a new preface, was created at Chwiamsa Temple (취암사) where Master Baegun passed away, under the guidance of Baegun's disciple Beoprin (법린) and a team of other individuals. The printing of the new edition on mulberry paper may have been done because the monks at Heungdeoksa were not skilled enough in printing and could only produce a small number of copies of the metal-type edition.

The Gutenberg Bible, which is recognized as the earliest book produced in the West using movable type, has been considered a pivotal and transformative element in the advancement of Western Civilization. It assisted in the dismantling of societal barriers and eradication of corruption within the Church. It caused significant disturbance in Europe. The Jikji is historically important because it was an early printed work. Additionally, it also had an ideological purpose, with a focus on promoting the teachings of Zen Buddhism to alleviate psychological distress and attain spiritual liberation. [1][2][3]

COMPARISON OF WOODBLOCK AND MOVABLE METAL TYPE PRINTING

The popularity of Korean xylography, also known as woodblock printing, coincided with the emergence of national institutions of higher education and the growth of private schools during the 11th century. The increase in the number of these schools led to a greater need for more easily accessible books, which could not be fulfilled by manuscript copies. Korea preferred a greater number of titles in restricted versions instead of a vast number of titles with limited availability. The system was successful when dealing with a significant workload. It wasn't as much of an improvement for smaller runs, which were typical at that time. For wooden block printing the demerit was that they have to carve wood for printing a certain book at one time. But to print other books a different woodblock had to be carved out resulting in more time consumption and increased cost.

However, with a set of movable metal alphabets, it was possible to print copies of different books with lesser cost. This stimulated knowledge among more people and enhanced mass production of a diverse range of books. This was advantageous for the Koreans because of the simple alphabet set as it provided flexibility and was more economical and practical to use. Thus, it can be said that the invention of movable metal type printing enabled to spread information widely and massively.[4][5][6][7]

DIGITIZATION OF PAPER PRINTING

Throughout history, paper and printing have played an important role in connecting the units of the world system. Because of the notion of European exceptionalism, Gutenberg was given more credit than he deserved, and the real innovators in the Far East were diminished. In addition, paper and printing illustrate the wonders of capital accumulation and ascendance, as well as the contest for supremacy. Among the nations that spread paper and printing, China was undisputedly the most important, flanked by Korea and Japan - a kind of cluster in the central Asia. It has been acknowledged by historians such as Carter (1925) that the invention of paper making and printing began in China in the form of woodblock printing, developed into movable metal type printing in Korea, and reached Europe through the Mongols and Arabs who provided the Silk Road, a pathway between Europe and Asia. If we look back on the timeline of printing in South Korea, we can see that in the 13th century, Koreans printed books using metal movable type. The first printing presses were introduced as late as 1881–83 in Korea during the industrial revolution. Over the past few years, the printing workflow has undergone many changes, particularly at the prepress stage. From Postscript, a complex set of PDL(Page Description Language) which was discovered by Adobe in 1985 to PDF(Portable Document Format) in recent years, digital viewing and printing has become quite dominant in printing industries. Digital presses were introduced in 1993 and this medium has been evolving rapidly ever since. Using digital printing technology to communicate with individuals has become a significant development in business communication. It has become a powerful tool for printing industry to convert real sales revenue of their customers by transferring personalized messages and customized information based on their needs. The development of digital printing technology, which has elevated electronic media to a similar position, is changing the role of printing as a means of disseminating mass-produced information. Since it includes not only the design element but also the entire content of tasks, including text, images, graphics, and particularly database-related tasks, modern application software has grown more complex and comprehensive. The need to use common data for various types of viewing will increase as information becomes more digital. For both digital and printed content, a shared repository with text, images, and other components will be used. Printers in the commercial industry need to move away from just providing basic printing services and instead, assist customers in their growing markets by acting as communication partners for their businesses. To reach their objective, it is necessary for them to closely monitor the latest advancements in printing and related technology, enabling them to incorporate diverse services including individualization and categorization based on database extraction. The paper industry ought to monitor developments in printing technology and prepare for the demand ahead of time by investigating recent trends in technology like digital and office printing.[8][9]

Sources

1.  "Jikji - New World Encyclopedia". www.newworldencyclopedia.org.
2. ^ "The greatest invention, Movable Metal type printing and Jikji". Friendly Korea.
3. ^ "From Jikji to Gutenberg | How and when did moveable type first come about?".
4. ^ Park, Hye Ok. "The History of Pre-Gutenberg Woodblock and Movable Type Printing in Korea".
5. ^ "Korean, Indian & German Woodblock Printing". study.com.
6. ^ "Wikiwand - History of printing in East Asia". Wikiwand.
7. ^ "The invention of movable metal type: Goryeo technology and wisdom". Google Arts & Culture.
8. ^ Gunaratne, Shelton (December 2001). "Paper, Printing and the Printing Press". doi:10.1177/0016549201063006001.
9. ^ "Printing and Paper Industry in Digital Era" (PDF).
10. https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=200259
11. https://www.globaljikji.org/en/sub.do?menukey=4103
12. https://www.globaljikji.org/en/sub.do?menukey=4102
13. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/zgXxwilonG6kIg
14. https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211111000298
15. https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/documentary-heritage/printing-woodblocks-tripitaka-koreana-and-miscellaneous
16. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Tripitaka_Koreana
17. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/737/
18. https://study.com/academy/lesson/korean-indian-german-woodblock-printing.html#:~:text=Korean%20Woodblock%20Printing&text=In%20Korea%2C%20woodblock%20printing%20became,that%20governed%20Buddhist%20monastic%20life.
19. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Gutenberg#:~:text=Johannes%20Gutenberg%20is%20known%20for,be%20printed%20from%20movable%20type.
20. http://english.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?ctgryLrcls=CTGRY211&nttId=58159&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1205&mn=EN_03_03
21. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/nQURat050nDTIQ
22. https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Culture-and-the-Arts/UNESCO-Treasures-in-Korea
23. https://www.globaljikji.org/en/sub.do?menukey=13411
24. https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/HonoraryReporters/view?articleId=188755#:~:text=Traditionally%2C%20the%20two%20main%20printing,(B.C.%2057%2D935).
25. https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/jikji
26. https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0078837
27. https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0009191523?sid=103
28. https://www.cheongju.go.kr/jikjiworld/contents.do?key=17509
29. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Jikji
30. https://www.globaljikji.org/en/sub.do?menukey=4201
31. http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do;jsessionid=CxrskkGVaRlDY4bd5Daqmygi9vg3sT6d5VbcpqFELVbmVQNZVZKslGbqqYQxMEgB.cha-was01_servlet_engine4?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=11&ccebAsno=01800000&sCcebCtcd=11&pageIndex=19&region=&canAsset=&ccebPcd1=&searchWrd=&startNum=&endNum=&stCcebAsdt=&enCcebAsdt=&canceled=&ccebKdcd=&ccebCtcd=

1. विषय  - कोरिया का इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल

2. लेखक - Shirsha, Suparna, Vaishali, Ritoja

 3. संक्षिप्त व्याख्या - कोरिया का इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल (कोरियाई: 독립기념관; डोंगनीप किन्योमगवान) दक्षिण कोरिया के चेओनान में एक कोरियाई इतिहास संग्रहालय है। 15 अगस्त 1987 को खोला गया, यह दक्षिण कोरिया में 23,424 एम 2 के कुल फर्श क्षेत्र के साथ सबसे बड़ी प्रदर्शनी सुविधा है। संग्रहालय जापानी औपनिवेशिक काल के स्वतंत्रता आंदोलनों पर केंद्रित है; हालाँकि, पहला प्रदर्शनी हॉल, द हॉल ऑफ़ नेशनल हेरिटेज, प्रागैतिहासिक काल से लेकर जोसियन राजवंश तक की अवधि के लिए समर्पित है। इसमें सात इनडोर प्रदर्शनी हॉल और एक सर्कल विजन थियेटर है। 

4. विकिपीडिया लिंक - कोरिया का इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल 

 5. संपूर्ण लेख - 

कोरिया का इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल (कोरियाई: 독립기념관; डोंगनीप किन्योमगवान) दक्षिण कोरिया के चेओनान में एक कोरियाई इतिहास संग्रहालय है। 15 अगस्त 1987 को खोला गया, यह दक्षिण कोरिया में 23,424 एम 2 के कुल फर्श क्षेत्र के साथ सबसे बड़ी प्रदर्शनी सुविधा है। संग्रहालय जापानी औपनिवेशिक काल के स्वतंत्रता आंदोलनों पर केंद्रित है; हालाँकि, पहला प्रदर्शनी हॉल, द हॉल ऑफ़ नेशनल हेरिटेज, प्रागैतिहासिक काल से लेकर जोसियन राजवंश तक की अवधि के लिए समर्पित है। इसमें सात इनडोर प्रदर्शनी हॉल और एक सर्कल विजन थियेटर है।

जून 2011 में कोरिया का इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल।

कोरिया का इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल

प्रदर्शनी और सुविधाएं

• प्रदर्शनी हॉल: सात प्रदर्शनी स्थल हैं, जो बड़े स्थान, छोटे स्थान और विशेष प्रदर्शनी कक्ष से बने हैं।

पहली प्रदर्शनी उन कलाकृतियों और डेटा को दिखाती है जो 1860 में प्रागैतिहासिक युग से देर से जोसियन राजवंश तक दूर हुए राष्ट्रीय संकट से संबंधित हैं और वे हैं:

- डोलमेन मॉडल, पत्थरों से बना कांस्य युग का एक मकबरा। दक्षिण कोरिया में पूरी दुनिया के 40% डोलमेंस हैं और उन्हें 2000 में यूनेस्को की विश्व धरोहर के रूप में स्वीकार किया गया है।

- एक सात आयामी तलवार दिनांक 369 और यह बाकेजे और जापान के बीच संबंधों का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है क्योंकि यह बैक्जे के राजा से जापानी शाही परिवार के लिए एक उपहार था।

- रूफ-एंड टाइल मानव-चेहरे के डिजाइन के साथ इमारत में वास्तविक उपयोग के निशान के साथ।

- पत्थर से बनी ड्रैगन हेड मूर्ति, इमारतों की स्टाइलोबेट्स में सजावट। यह माना जाता है कि यह बुरी आत्माओं से बचाता है।

- जोसियन राजवंश के इतिहास, 472 वर्षों के इतिहास वाली एक पुस्तक और इसमें राजनीति से लेकर संस्कृति तक सभी क्षेत्र शामिल हैं।

- एक मैनुअल जो किंग सेजोंग द ग्रेट द्वारा लिखे गए परिचय के साथ हंगुल की व्याख्या और इसके उपयोग को दर्शाता है।

- "जग्योक्रु" नामक जल घड़ी का एक पुन: निर्मित मॉडल जिसमें एक घंटी, घडि़याल और ड्रम होते हैं जो निश्चित समय पर ध्वनि उत्पन्न करते हैं।

- टर्टल शिप ("जियोबुक्सन") का री-क्रिएटेड मॉडल।

दूसरी प्रदर्शनी 1860 से 1940 के दशक की अवधि को कवर करती है। इन वर्षों के दौरान कोरिया ने जापानी औपनिवेशीकरण की अवधि के लिए अपने आधुनिकीकरण की शुरुआत की। इसमें है:

- निजी क्षेत्र द्वारा प्रकाशित पहले कोरियाई समाचार पत्र का पहला अंक जिसे "द इंडिपेंडेंट (डोंगनीप शिनमुन)" कहा जाता है

- इउल्सा संधि की प्रस्तावना, एक अवैध संधि जिसके द्वारा कोरियाई साम्राज्य के राजनयिक अधिकार को जापानी सम्राट के एक विशेष दूत और उसके निर्देशित मॉडल से वंचित किया गया था

- जापानी साम्राज्यवाद द्वारा शोषित दैनिक वस्तुएं जो समझौता करने के लिए तथाकथित "सार्वजनिक पेशकश" का हिस्सा थीं क्योंकि आक्रामक युद्ध के कारण पर्याप्त आपूर्ति नहीं थी

- एक नए परिवार के नाम के साथ एक जनगणना रजिस्टर बनाया गया और व्यक्तिगत नाम बदल दिया गया क्योंकि जापानी साम्राज्यवाद ने कोरियाई लोगों को जापानी नामों में अपना नाम बदलने के लिए मजबूर किया।

- पत्थरों को "इंपीरियल पीपल्स ओथ" और जेल के एक निर्देशित मॉडल के साथ उकेरा गया है जहां किसी भी स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन को रोकने के लिए कोरियाई स्वतंत्रता कार्यकर्ताओं को प्रताड़ित और प्रताड़ित किया गया था।

तीसरी प्रदर्शनी 1 मार्च के स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन की घटनाओं पर केंद्रित है और इसमें शामिल हैं:

- 1919 की स्वतंत्रता की घोषणा जहां कोरियाई लोगों ने जापानी औपनिवेशिक शासन के प्रति अपना प्रतिरोध दिखाया और "कोरियाई स्वतंत्रता अमर रहे" के नारे के साथ स्वतंत्रता की घोषणा की।

- जोसियन लैंग्वेज सोसाइटी द्वारा लिखे गए एक कोरियाई शब्दकोश की संकलित पांडुलिपि।

चौथे प्रदर्शनी हॉल का शीर्षक "कोरियाई स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन का अर्थ और मूल्य" है, जिसका उद्देश्य यह प्रदर्शित करना है कि स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन पूरे देश में कैसे फैला और इसने भविष्य के लिए एक मशाल का प्रतिनिधित्व किया।

इस हॉल में 4 अलग-अलग रास्ते हैं जिनका आगंतुक लाभ उठा सकते हैं और उन वर्षों के दौरान कोरियाई इतिहास और वातावरण के बारे में अधिक जान सकते हैं।

पहला मार्ग, "संकल्प का मार्ग" एक स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के अर्थ को दर्शाता है।

“पथ ऑफ़ एक्टिविज्म” दूसरा रास्ता है जो स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के विभिन्न पहलुओं और हाइलाइट्स को दर्शाता है। तीसरा रास्ता, "एकीकरण का मार्ग" वह है जहां आगंतुक स्वतंत्रता की बहाली के बाद से की गई उपलब्धियों को देख सकते हैं और विभिन्न आवाजों को सुनने का अवसर भी मिलता है जो बताता है कि कोरियाई कार्यकर्ता किस तरह के राष्ट्र का सपना देखते थे।

अंतिम मार्ग, "गूँज का पथ", स्मरण और विरासत के बारे में है और स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के मूल्य को समझने का एक तरीका है और आने वाली पीढ़ियों को इन मूल्यों को स्थानांतरित करने के लिए एक प्रेरणा भी हो सकता है।

पांचवें प्रदर्शनी हॉल को "राष्ट्रीय स्वतंत्रता के लिए देशभक्ति संघर्ष" कहा जाता है और इसमें देश के अंदर और बाहर दोनों क्षेत्रों में होने वाले जापानी विरोधी सशस्त्र प्रतिरोध को शामिल किया गया है।

इस प्रदर्शनी में आप देख सकते हैं:

- अज्ञात स्वतंत्रता सैनिकों की एक प्रतिमा और यह उनकी देशभक्ति और जापानी सेना से लड़ने के लिए उनके बलिदानों को याद करने के लिए बनाई गई थी,

- 1920 में फेंगवुटुंग लड़ाई के दौरान स्वतंत्रता सेना बल में इस्तेमाल किया गया एक कोरियाई झंडा (ताएगुगी) और दूसरा झंडा जिसमें कोरियाई बहाली सेना के हस्ताक्षर शामिल हैं,

- एक रसीद जो एक ऐसे व्यक्ति को जारी की गई थी जिसने पश्चिमी रूट सेना द्वारा स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के लिए कोष का समर्थन किया था,

- सिन चाए-हो द्वारा लिखित जोसियन क्रांति की घोषणा।

"एस्टेब्लिशिंग द ग्रेट कोरिया" नाम की छठी प्रदर्शनी में लोगों के स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन और कोरियाई अनंतिम सरकार की गतिविधियों को शामिल किया गया है जो पहली लोकतांत्रिक सरकार है और 1 मार्च के आंदोलन के बाद स्थापित स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन का सर्वोच्च संगठन भी है।

इस प्रदर्शनी में हम पा सकते हैं:

- एक गुंबद के आकार का प्रतीक जहां सबसे विशिष्ट प्रतिरोध कविताएं खेली जाती हैं और दीवार पर भी 360 डिग्री दिशाओं में फिल्म क्लिप "इनक्स्टिंगुइशेबल फ्लेम" खेली जाती है जो कोरियाई लोगों के प्रतिरोध की इच्छा का प्रतीक है।

- ग्वांजू छात्र स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन का एक दृश्य और कोरियाई अनंतिम सरकार की मोम की मूर्तियां भी

कोरिया का इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल भी साल भर विभिन्न कार्यक्रमों की मेजबानी करता है।

प्रत्येक वर्ष 1 मार्च को आयोजित होने वाला स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन दिवस स्मारक कार्यक्रम एक राष्ट्रीय अवकाश है जो स्वतंत्रता के लिए अहिंसक प्रदर्शनों की याद दिलाता है। इस दिन कोरिया के इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल में बड़े पैमाने पर आंदोलन का पुन: अधिनियमित किया जाता है।

हर साल 5 मई को एक और कार्यक्रम आयोजित किया जाता है, बाल दिवस कार्यक्रम है जो बच्चों की खुशी को बढ़ावा देता है और उनके व्यक्तित्व को संजोता है और कोरिया का इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल बच्चों के लिए लक्षित विभिन्न प्रदर्शनों और हाथों की घटनाओं की मेजबानी करता है।

लिबरेशन डे हर साल 15 अगस्त को मनाया जाता है और यह 1945 में जापानी औपनिवेशिक शासन से कोरिया की मुक्ति की याद दिलाता है। यह कोरिया के इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल द्वारा विशेष प्रदर्शन और विभिन्न प्रदर्शनों के साथ आयोजित किया जाने वाला सबसे बड़ा आयोजन है।

हर साल अक्टूबर के मध्य में आयोजित होने वाला फॉल कल्चरल जोन पतझड़ के मौसम के आगमन का जश्न मनाने का एक अवसर है, जिसमें संगीत समारोह, प्रदर्शन और परिवारों के लिए व्यावहारिक कार्यक्रम होते हैं।

आधिकारिक पृष्ठ पर अभिवादन में कोरिया के इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल के अध्यक्ष कहते हैं: "स्वतंत्रता हॉल कोरियाई राष्ट्र की भावना का प्रतीक है और कोरियाई लोगों की गरिमा के बारे में लोगों को सूचित करता है। […]हम उन अनगिनत देशभक्तों को याद करेंगे जो कोरिया की स्वतंत्रता के लिए स्वेच्छा से मर गए और हम राष्ट्रीय प्रगति और विश्व शांति के लिए उनकी ओर से कड़ी मेहनत करना जारी रखेंगे।

इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल में, कृपया उन कोरियाई लोगों की भावना को महसूस करें जो स्वतंत्रता और शांति से प्यार करते हैं।"

प्रदर्शनी में अन्य महत्वपूर्ण तत्व पाए जा सकते हैं जैसे:

• हाउस ऑफ पीपल्स: इसे इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल के प्रतीक और एक केंद्रीय स्मरणोत्सव हॉल के रूप में डिजाइन किया गया था, जो सुसेक मंदिर के डेडेंगजेन की नकल कर रहा था।
• लोगों का बड़ा यार्ड: यह राष्ट्र के घर के सामने एक वर्ग है, मध्य भाग ग्रेनाइट फुटपाथ से बना है, और बाहर आन्यांग पत्थरों और घास के खत्म से बना है।
• स्टीरियोस्कोपिक मूवी: आधुनिक कोरियाई इतिहास के बारे में एक 4D एनिमेशन दिखाया गया है।
• द गार्डन ऑफ़ यूनिफिकेशन डिज़ायर: सार्वजनिक भागीदारी का एक स्थान शांतिपूर्ण पुनर्मिलन और भविष्य की पीढ़ियों को हस्तांतरित करने की इच्छा के लिए एक अधीक्षक के रूप में स्थापित किया गया है।
• लोगों का टॉवर: यह 52 मीटर ऊंचाई की मूर्ति है, और राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल को व्यक्त करती है।
• अविश्वसनीय कोरियाई पुरस्कार: हाउस ऑफ पीपल्स के अंदर एक बड़े हॉल के केंद्र में स्थित, यह असहनीय स्वतंत्रता की भावना और मजबूत कोरियाई छवि का प्रतीक है।
• स्मारक का स्थान: इंडिपेंडेंस हॉल के शीर्ष पर स्थित, इसे देशभक्ति की पंक्ति का जश्न मनाने के लिए स्थापित किया गया था।
• ताएगेउकगी हनमदांग: यह वर्ष के दौरान 8,15 ताएगेउकगी की मेजबानी करने का स्थान है।

मार्च 2013 में, अभिनेत्री सॉन्ग हाय-को ने हॉल के लिए ब्रेल ब्रोशर की उत्पादन लागत दान की। सुंगशिन महिला विश्वविद्यालय के विद्वान सेओ क्यूंग-डुक की मदद से योजना में अधिक के साथ 1,000 प्रतियां उपलब्ध कराई जानी हैं, क्योंकि कई संग्रहालय नेत्रहीनों के लिए ब्रेल ब्रोशर प्रदान नहीं करते हैं। उन्होंने कथित तौर पर 2013 सियोल ब्रॉडकास्टिंग सिस्टम ड्रामा दैट विंटर, द विंड ब्लो में एक अंधी महिला की भूमिका निभाने के बाद मदद करने का फैसला किया।[1]

6. संदर्भ - 

1. ↑ Lee, Sun-min (28 March 2013). "Song Hye-gyo donates money for Braille brochure production for Independence museum". Joongang Daily. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013

1. विषय  - कोरियाई खाद्य संवर्धन संस्थान

2. लेखक - Bharti, Nikhil, Sanskriti, Nisha

 3. संक्षिप्त व्याख्या - कोरियाई खाद्य संवर्धन संस्थान (कोरियाई: 한식진흥원-हान सिक जिन्ह यूंग वोन) या पहले कोरियाई फूड फाउंडेशन (한식재단) एक गैर-लाभकारी संगठन है जिसे मार्च 2010 में कोरियाई लोगों की समग्र भलाई और कोरियाई व्यंजनों  को बढ़ावा देकर दक्षिण कोरिया की आर्थिक स्थिति को बढ़ाने के लिए स्थापित किया गया था ग्लोबली। यह स्थानीय और विदेशी कोरियाई खाद्य उद्योगों के भीतर प्रतिस्पर्धा में सुधार करने की इच्छा रखता है। संगठन को कृषि, खाद्य और ग्रामीण मामलों के मंत्रालय के समर्थन से एक सार्वजनिक डोमेन के रूप में स्थापित किया गया था। संगठन ने प्रचार आकर्षित करने और अपने ब्रांड का वैश्वीकरण करने के प्रयास किए हैं; कोरियाई व्यंजनों को बढ़ावा देने के लिए कई देशों के साथ साझेदारी की है।

4. विकिपीडिया लिंक - कोरियाई खाद्य संवर्धन संस्थान

 5. संपूर्ण लेख - 

कोरियाई खाद्य संवर्धन संस्थान (कोरियाई: 한식진흥원-हान सिक जिन्ह यूंग वोन) या पहले कोरियाई फूड फाउंडेशन (한식재단) एक गैर-लाभकारी संगठन है जिसे मार्च 2010 में कोरियाई लोगों की समग्र भलाई और कोरियाई व्यंजनों  को बढ़ावा देकर दक्षिण कोरिया की आर्थिक स्थिति को बढ़ाने के लिए स्थापित किया गया था ग्लोबली। यह स्थानीय और विदेशी कोरियाई खाद्य उद्योगों के भीतर प्रतिस्पर्धा में सुधार करने की इच्छा रखता है।[1] संगठन को कृषि, खाद्य और ग्रामीण मामलों के मंत्रालय के समर्थन से एक सार्वजनिक डोमेन के रूप में स्थापित किया गया था।[1] संगठन ने प्रचार आकर्षित करने और अपने ब्रांड का वैश्वीकरण करने के प्रयास किए हैं; कोरियाई व्यंजनों को बढ़ावा देने के लिए कई देशों के साथ साझेदारी की है।[2]

कोरियाई खाद्य संवर्धन संस्थान

इतिहास

2009 में कोरियाई खाद्य फाउंडेशन स्थापना तैयारी समिति और कोरियाई खाद्य वैश्वीकरण टास्क फोर्स की स्थापना की गई थी। कोरियाई फूड फाउंडेशन की स्थापना 2010 में हुई थी, जिसमें जियोंग वुन-चेओन को इसके पहले अध्यक्ष के रूप में चुना गया था। 2011 में यांग इल-सुन अगले राष्ट्रपति बने और दुनिया भर में कोरियाई व्यंजनों के विपणन के उद्देश्य से एक वेबसाइट आधिकारिक तौर पर लॉन्च की गई।[2]

2012 में संगठन को WEBAWARD कोरिया से एक पुरस्कार मिला। इसे "कोरियाई खाद्य वैश्वीकरण" की पहल करने के लिए खाद्य, कृषि, वानिकी और मत्स्य पालन मंत्रालय द्वारा भी नियुक्त किया गया था और यह परियोजना की निगरानी करता है जिसमें एटी से कोरियाई भोजन से संबंधित प्रशिक्षण शामिल है[2]

2013 में संगठन ने एटी से "कोरियाई पाक स्कूल सहायता परियोजना" और "विदेशी कोरियाई रेस्तरां सहायता परियोजना" पर कब्जा कर लिया। 2014 में कांग मिन-सु संगठन के तीसरे अध्यक्ष बने[2]

2015 में इसे सार्वजनिक डोमेन पर चलने वाले संगठन के रूप में नियुक्त किया गया है। 2016 में युन सुक-जा फाउंडेशन के चौथे अध्यक्ष बने। कोरियाई खाद्य सांस्कृतिक केंद्र दुनिया भर में कोरियाई व्यंजन उद्योग और पाक पर्यटन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए स्थापित किया गया है। 2017 में कोरियाई फूड फाउंडेशन का नाम बदलकर कोरियाई फूड प्रमोशन इंस्टीट्यूशन कर दिया गया और इसे "विदेशी कोरियाई रेस्तरां परामर्श परियोजना" का काम सौंपा गया[2]।

अगस्त 2021 में, यिम कियोंग-सूक को कृषि, खाद्य और ग्रामीण मामलों के मंत्रालय द्वारा कोरियाई खाद्य संवर्धन संस्थान के छठे अध्यक्ष के रूप में नियुक्त किया गया था। वह सियोनजे की जगह लेंगी जिनका उद्घाटन अप्रैल 2018 में किया गया था।[3]

गतिविधियों

कोरियाई खाद्य संवर्धन संस्थान दुनिया के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में अपने ब्रांड के कुशलतापूर्वक विपणन और विज्ञापन में शामिल है, साथ ही कोरियाई व्यंजनों की उत्पत्ति को बनाए रखने के लिए भी। आर एंड डी उन  तरीकों में से एक था जो संगठन को कोरियाई व्यंजनों की उत्पत्ति को बनाए रखने के साथ-साथ संशोधित करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता था।[2] संगठन दुनिया भर में कोरियाई रेस्तरां को बेहतर बनाने के लिए विभिन्न संस्थाओं के साथ सहयोग करता है।[2]

इसकी दृष्टि वह संगठन होना है जो प्रत्याशित अवधि में कोरियाई व्यंजनों के मूल्यों को लाता है।[2]

स्थापना का उद्देश्य

कोरियाई खाद्य संवर्धन संस्थान तीन भूमिकाओं पर ध्यान केंद्रित करता है। कोरियाई व्यंजनों की स्थापना के लिए पहला आधिकारिक अधिकार था। यह एक अलग समयरेखा में कोरियाई भोजन के ऐतिहासिक पहलुओं के साथ-साथ इसकी संस्कृति की सावधानीपूर्वक जांच में शामिल है। डेटाबेस सिस्टम उन तरीकों में से एक था जिसमें कोरियाई व्यंजनों का मूल रूप संग्रहीत था।[2] कोरियाई भोजन की उत्पत्ति का पता लगाने के लिए विभिन्न इतिहास दस्तावेजों का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। लोगों की आधुनिक खाने की शैली का अनुपालन करने के लिए संगठन ने संशोधन के माध्यम से अपने कोरियाई व्यंजनों का पुनर्विकास करने के लिए काम किया है। दूसरा कोरियाई व्यंजनों का विज्ञापन था। इसमें सावधानीपूर्वक जांच और उन तरीकों का विकास शामिल था जिनसे कोरियाई व्यंजन पकाए गए थे और साथ ही सामग्री को कैसे रखा और संग्रहीत किया जाना था, इस पर आम सहमति तक पहुंचना शामिल था। इसके अलावा, शोध कोरियाई व्यंजनों के समग्र स्वाद को बेहतर बनाने के लिए कोरियाई व्यंजनों के खाना पकाने में उपयोग की जाने वाली सामग्री की जांच करेंगे।अंतिम बिंदु कोरियाई व्यंजनों के पुनर्विकास के साथ दुनिया भर में कोरियाई व्यंजनों का विज्ञापन करना था।इसमें विदेशों में स्थित कोरियाई रेस्तरां में सूचना के योगदान के लिए विभिन्न चैनलों के साथ-साथ एक आधिकारिक नेटवर्क के माध्यम से विज्ञापन शामिल है।[2]

संगठन की प्राथमिक भूमिका

• कोरियाई व्यंजन का समग्र आधार[4]
  • कोरियाई भोजन के सांख्यिकीय आंकड़ों के साथ प्रणाली का विकास
  • वैश्विक संदर्भ में कोरियाई भोजन की जाँच करें
  • डेटाबेस सिस्टम का विकास जो कोरियाई भोजन की जानकारी संग्रहीत करता है
  • कोरियाई भोजन की जानकारी की प्रयोज्यता पर महत्वपूर्ण प्रगति करना
• रेस्तरां उद्योग में कोरियाई रेस्तरां की समग्र स्थिति में सुधार[4]
  • विदेशों में “कोरियाई रेस्तरां परामर्श समूह” का प्रबंधन
  • खाद्य सामग्री का निर्यात
  • “निजी समूह सहायता प्रणाली।“
• प्रतिभा सोर्सिंग[4]
  • नौकरियों के साथ-साथ विशेषज्ञों के लिए प्रशिक्षण का प्रावधान
  • कोरियाई भोजन पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने वाली संस्था को सहायता प्रदान करें
• कोरियाई व्यंजन का वैश्वीकरण
  • ऑनलाइन विज्ञापन प्रणाली का विकास
  • “कोरियाई खाद्य सांस्कृतिक केंद्र मॉडल” का प्रचार करना।
  • “पाक पर्यटन का औद्योगीकरण।

उपलब्धियों

2010-2011[5]

• जापान में कोरियाई व्यंजनों के प्रचार को बढ़ाने के उद्देश्य से, संगठन ने जापानी हटोरी अकादमी के साथ एक समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए हैं।
• जी-20 समिट में इस संगठन ने कोरियाई व्यंजनों का विज्ञापन किया है
• महत्वपूर्ण अंतरराष्ट्रीय कार्यक्रमों और टेलीविजन शो के लिए कई प्रायोजन – चीन और कोरिया के बीच संस्कृति में अंतर के अनुभव के साथ-साथ एक टेलीविजन शो “स्वादिष्ट कोरिया” में पाक कला प्रतियोगिता
• एक टीवी कार्यक्रम खंड – “कोरियाई भोजन का वैश्वीकरण” संगठन द्वारा निर्मित किया गया था
• गाइडबुक पांच विदेशी देशों ( डेनमार्क , नीदरलैंड , स्विट्जरलैंड , ऑस्ट्रिया और बेल्जियम ) में जारी किए गए थे।

2012-2013[5]

• विदेशी संस्करणों (पश्चिमी यूरोप और टोक्यो) में 'विशेष रूप से चयनित कोरियाई रेस्तरां' की गाइडबुक जारी की
• "कृषि, खाद्य और ग्रामीण मामलों के मंत्रालय" [5] ने संगठन को कोरियाई खाद्य वैश्वीकरण के प्रभारी के रूप में नियुक्त किया है
• 2012 की कोरियाई भोजन मेनू गाइडबुक जारी की जो कोरियाई भोजन को विभिन्न भाषाओं में साझा करती हैं
• 'द हिडन टेस्ट: ट्रेडिशन नॉर्थ कोरियन फूड' प्रकाशित
• "वैश्विक कोरियाई खाद्य" के समाचार पत्र प्रकाशित किए गए और कुल प्रकाशनों की संख्या 24 थी।

2014-2015[5]

• एक गाइडबुक और एक मोबाइल ऐप जारी किया जो लोगों को चीन (बीजिंग, क़िंगदाओ और शंघाई) में अनुशंसित कोरियाई रेस्तरां के बारे में बताता है।
• विदेशों में स्थित सभी कोरियाई रेस्तरां के लिए एक ऑनलाइन मंच विकसित किया
• अत्यधिक अनुशंसित कोरियाई रेस्तरां और दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया (वियतनाम, थाईलैंड, मलेशिया और इंडोनेशिया) में एक मोबाइल ऐप की एक गाइडबुक जारी की।
• कोरियाई व्यंजनों के संबंध में "निजी संगठन" और "कोरियाई खाद्य फोरम" के साथ एक समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए
• संगठन ने VTV3 पर वियतनाम में प्रसारित एक टीवी शो का निर्माण किया है

अरिरंग टीवी पर प्रदर्शित वृत्तचित्र

2016-2017[5]

• संगठन ने गाइडबुक प्रकाशित की है जिसमें कोरियाई रेस्तरां को दिखाया गया है
• अनुशंसित कोरियाई रेस्तरां की गाइडबुक हांगकांग और सिंगापुर में प्रकाशित हुई थी
• कोरियाई रेस्तरां के दस लोकप्रिय मेनू की शुरुआत के लिए एक प्रस्तुति दी गई
• अरिरंग टीवी पर स्पष्ट रूप से कोरियाई व्यंजनों के लिए निर्मित एक वृत्तचित्र

कोरियाई खाद्य संवर्धन संस्थान का वैश्वीकरण

वैश्वीकरण का लक्ष्य दुनिया भर के लोगों को कोरियाई व्यंजनों का स्वाद चखने और सुधार करने की अनुमति देना है। स्थानीय और विदेशों में कोरियाई खाद्य उद्योगों को व्यापक बनाने से व्यापार के पहलू पर विभिन्न उद्योगों में वृद्धि होगी, जैसे कि भोजन, पर्यटन और खेती। ये संवर्द्धन दुनिया भर में अपने व्यंजनों का वैश्वीकरण करके कोरिया की उत्कृष्टता को प्रदर्शित करेंगे।[2]

कोरिया गणराज्य की प्रथम महिला किम यून-ओके 2009 में "कोरियन कुज़ीन टू द वर्ल्ड" संगोष्ठी में भाषण देती हुई

ब्रांडिंग

कोरियाई खाद्य ब्रांड के लिए, इसने लोगों और पर्यावरण के लिए प्रशंसा दिखाई है, और उनके बीच एक संबंध है। इसके ब्रांड के पीछे की परिभाषा यह है कि लोगों के साथ-साथ प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण के बीच एक मजबूत रिश्ता है, और वे शांति से एक साथ रहेंगे। इसके अतिरिक्त, कोरियाई खाद्य ब्रांड "व्यावसायिक मॉडल" के निर्माण की अनुमति देता है, संचार के विभिन्न तरीकों के लिए निर्देश, और कोरियाई खाद्य ब्रांड के लक्ष्य का निरंतर अनुसरण करने से इसके ब्रांड के मूल्य में वृद्धि होगी।[2]

कोरियन फूड फाउंडेशन के लोगो ने अर्थ के दो पहलू दर्शाए हैं। सबसे पहले, यह लोगों और प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण की सद्भावना का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है और दूसरा, "ट्रिग्राम: जियोन, गोन गम और री"समय के साथ चलने की भावना को दर्शाता है। ट्रिग्राम "वायु, जल, पृथ्वी, और आग," और इसने कोरिया में सौहार्दपूर्ण वातावरण का प्रतिनिधित्व दिखाया है। ट्रिग्राम के पीछे का अर्थ भी कोरियाई व्यंजनों की विशेषताओं का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।[2]

लोगो के रंग विभिन्न कोरियाई खाद्य उत्पादों का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं जिनमें प्राकृतिक वातावरण में विभिन्न तत्व होते हैं, और जिन रंगों का उपयोग किया जाता है वे सभी विशिष्ट कोरियाई रंग होते हैं। इस्तेमाल किए गए रंग छवि ब्रांड को चमकाने और अधिक सुखद दिखने में मदद करते हैं, और इसने प्रकृति में जीवंत कोरियाई भोजन दिखाया है।[2]

योजना

आजकल, कई कोरियाई रेस्तरां कोरियाई भोजन को प्रचारित करने के लिए विदेशों में विस्तार करने की उम्मीद करते हैं। दुनिया भर में अपने व्यवसाय को व्यापक बनाने के अवसर कृषि और मछली पकड़ने के उद्योगों को समृद्ध और कुशलता से संचालित करने का एकमात्र तरीका है। कोरियाई व्यंजनों में उपयोग की जाने वाली स्वस्थ सामग्री के साथ, इसे विदेशों में लोगों के साथ-साथ वैश्विक बाजार में भी स्वीकृति मिली है। कोरियाई भोजन बनाने के लिए उन सामग्रियों को आमतौर पर पूर्वी एशियाई बाजारों में भेज दिया जाता है, और इसका कारण यह है कि पूर्वी एशियाई देशों में लोगों के पास भोजन के साथ-साथ व्यक्तिगत पृष्ठभूमि भी होती है जो सुविधाजनक और मजबूत विपणन की अनुमति देती है। कोरियाई भोजन। कोरियाई में स्थित वे उद्यमी वैश्विक बाजार की खोज कर रहे हैं जो एशियाई क्षेत्रों से लेकर पूर्वी क्षेत्रों तक है। कोरियाई सरकार जितना संभव हो उतने वैश्विक बाजारों का पता लगाने के लिए निजी तौर पर आयोजित कंपनियों के साथ सहयोग करेगी, और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय खाद्य प्रदर्शनी उन कोरियाई कंपनियों को अपने अद्वितीय खाद्य उत्पादों को पेश करने का अवसर देती है। निर्यात प्रक्रिया में, सीमा शुल्क समाशोधन प्रक्रिया के मानकों को पूरा करने के लिए कोरियाई सरकार कोरियाई खाद्य उत्पादों की समग्र पैकेजिंग में भी भाग लेती है।[6]

कोरियाई सरकार कोरियाई खाद्य उत्पादों के निर्यात को बढ़ाने के उद्देश्य से कोरियाई व्यापारिक कंपनियों के साथ-साथ निजी रूप से सूचीबद्ध कंपनियों के साथ सहयोग करती है।आजकल, कई विदेशी बाजारों में पारंपरिक कोरियाई खाद्य उत्पादों पर बहुत कम ध्यान दिया जाता है और इसलिए, व्यापक विज्ञापन की आवश्यकता होती है। [6] हालाँकि, कुछ कोरियाई खाद्य निगम इसे प्राप्त करने में सक्षम नहीं हैं। वैश्विक बाजार में प्रवेश करने के लिए, उन निगमों को कोरिया और उसके खाद्य उत्पादों को समझना होगा। दुनिया भर में कोरियाई व्यंजनों को प्रचारित करने का एकमात्र कुशल तरीका खाद्य उत्पादों में वृद्धि करना और यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि भोजन की गुणवत्ता विशिष्ट मानक को पूरा करती है।[6]

कोरियाई भोजन वैश्वीकरण गतिविधियों

न्यूयॉर्क में कोरियाई रेस्तरां

संपादन करना न्यूयॉर्क में कोरियाई रेस्तरां संपादन करना यह बताया गया कि एक प्रसिद्ध शेफ जिसने प्रतियोगी को दो बार जीता है और उसने कोरियाई खाद्य फाउंडेशन की साझेदारी के साथ न्यूयॉर्क में एक कोरियाई रेस्तरां खोला था। इसके पीछे कारण यह था कि वह चाहते थे कि अमेरिका में रहने वाले और लोग कोरियाई भोजन की सराहना करें। यह घटना एक विदेशी देश में कोरियाई व्यंजनों के विज्ञापन के प्रयास के लिए कोरियाई खाद्य फाउंडेशन के साथ-साथ इसके "मूल संगठन"[7] को श्रेय देती है। 

फ्री कोरियाई लंच स्वीपस्टेक्स

फ्री कोरियाई लंच स्वीपस्टेक्स संपादन करना कोरियन फूड फाउंडेशन ने ऑनलाइन स्वीपस्टेक्स में भाग लेने वाले और भूख के खिलाफ कार्यक्रम में शामिल लोगों को 1600 से अधिक मुफ्त लंच दिया। कार्यक्रम में भाग लेने वाला प्रत्येक व्यक्ति भूख के खिलाफ लड़ाई के उद्देश्य से अभियान के लिए स्वेच्छा से $1.00 दान करेगा। कार्यक्रम के माध्यम से, संगठन कोरियाई व्यंजनों को न्यूयॉर्क में हर दिन खाने वाले लोगों के स्वस्थ विकल्प के रूप में बढ़ावा देने की उम्मीद करता है। [8]

न्यूयॉर्क वाइन एंड फूड फेस्टिवल में भागीदारी

न्यूयॉर्क वाइन एंड फूड फेस्टिवल में भागीदारी संपादन करना कोरियन फूड फाउंडेशन ने गरीबी और भूख के खिलाफ लड़ाई के उद्देश्य से "न्यूयॉर्क वाइन एंड फूड फेस्टिवल" में भाग लिया है और एक विदेशी देश में कोरियाई भोजन का वैश्वीकरण किया है। इस घटना में, इसने भूख और गरीबी की समस्याओं पर अधिक ध्यान देने के लिए दक्षिण कोरिया में "किण्वन की कला" का प्रदर्शन किया। कोरियाई खाद्य उद्योग ने वैश्विक प्रतिष्ठा प्राप्त की है क्योंकि सरकार द्वारा वित्त पोषित परियोजनाएं "हंसिक वैश्वीकरण" कोरियाई व्यंजनों के समग्र विकास को बढ़ावा देती हैं। इस आयोजन में भाग लेकर, कोरियन फ़ूड फ़ाउंडेशन ने अपने सार्वजनिक प्रदर्शन में वृद्धि की, और न्यूयॉर्क शहर में कोरियाई रेस्तरां के राजस्व में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई है।[9]

 6. संदर्भ -

1. ↑ इस तक ऊपर जायें:अ आ "Purpose of Establishment < Introduction < About KFPI < 한식진흥원". www.hansik.org.
2. ↑ इस तक ऊपर जायें:अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ क ख ग घ "Korean Food Promotion Institute". www.hansik.org.
3. ↑ Hae-yeon, Kim (2021-08-09). "Yim Kyeong-sook appointed head of Korean Food Promotion Institute". The Korea Herald (अंग्रेज़ी में). अभिगमन तिथि 2023-03-24.
4. ↑ इस तक ऊपर जायें:अ आ इ "Primary Role < Introduction < About KFPI < 한식진흥원". www.hansik.org
5. ↑ इस तक ऊपर जायें:अ आ इ ई "Korean Food Promotion Institute". www.hansik.org.
6. ↑ इस तक ऊपर जायें:अ आ "eResources, The University of Sydney Library". login.ezproxy.library.sydney.edu.au. अभिगमन तिथि 2023-03-24.
7. ↑ "eResources, The University of Sydney Library". login.ezproxy.library.sydney.edu.au. अभिगमन तिथि 2023-03-24.
8. ↑ "eResources, The University of Sydney Library". login.ezproxy.library.sydney.edu.au. अभिगमन तिथि 2023-03-24.
9. ↑ "Korean Food Foundation Globalizes Not Only Korean Cuisine But Also Korean Virtue to Help End Hunger at 2013 New York City Wine and Food Festival - Document - Gale General OneFile". go.gale.com. अभिगमन तिथि 2023-03-24.

1. বিষয় - এন সিওল টাওয়ার

2. লেখক - Adrija, Debanjana, Rupam

 3. সংক্ষিপ্ত ব্যাখ্যা - এন সিওল টাওয়ার (কোরিয়ান: N 서울타워), সরকারীভাবে যা YTN সিওল টাওয়ার এবং সাধারণত নামসান টাওয়ার বা সিওল টাওয়ার নামে পরিচিত, দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার মধ্য সিওলের ন্যাম পর্বতে অবস্থিত একটি যোগাযোগ এবং পর্যবেক্ষণ টাওয়ার। ২৩৬-মিটার (৭৭৪ ফুট)-লম্বা এই টাওয়ারটি সিওলের দ্বিতীয় সর্বোচ্চ পয়েন্ট এবং একটি স্থানীয় ল্যান্ডমার্ক হিসাবে চিহ্নিত করা হয়।

 4. উইকিপিডিয়া লিঙ্ক - এন সিওল টাওয়ার 

 5. পুরো প্রবন্ধ - 

এন সিওল টাওয়ার (কোরিয়ান: N 서울타워), সরকারীভাবে যা YTN সিওল টাওয়ার[1] এবং সাধারণত নামসান টাওয়ার বা সিওল টাওয়ার নামে পরিচিত, দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার মধ্য সিওলের ন্যাম পর্বতে অবস্থিত একটি যোগাযোগ এবং পর্যবেক্ষণ টাওয়ার। ২৩৬-মিটার (৭৭৪ ফুট)-লম্বা এই টাওয়ারটি সিওলের দ্বিতীয় সর্বোচ্চ পয়েন্ট এবং একটি স্থানীয় ল্যান্ডমার্ক হিসাবে চিহ্নিত করা হয়।[2]

YTN সিউল টাওয়ার 2015 সালের সেপ্টেম্বরে এন সিউল টাওয়ার

এন সিওল টাওয়ার

১৯৬৯ সালে নির্মিত, এন সিওল টাওয়ার হল দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার প্রথম সাধারণ রেডিও তরঙ্গ টাওয়ার, যা সিওলে টিভি এবং রেডিও সম্প্রচার প্রদান করে।[3] বর্তমানে, টাওয়ারটি কোরিয়ান মিডিয়া আউটলেট, যেমন KBS, MBC, এবং SBS এর জন্য সংকেত সম্প্রচার করে।

ইতিহাস

১৯৬৯ সালে আনুমানিক ২.৫ মিলিয়ন ডলার ব্যয় করে, সিওল টাওয়ারটির নির্মাণ ৩রা ডিসেম্বর ১৯৭১ সালে সম্পন্ন হয়েছিল, জাংজংরিউলের স্থপতিদের দ্বারা ডিজাইন করা হয়েছিল যদিও সেই সময়ে অভ্যন্তরটি সজ্জিত ছিল না। এন সিওল টাওয়ার ১৯৮০ সালের অক্টোবরে জনসাধারণের জন্য উন্মুক্ত হয়।[4] তারপর থেকে, টাওয়ারটি সিওলের একটি ল্যান্ডমার্ক হিসেবে পরিচিত হয়েছে।[5] টাওয়ারের উচ্চতা বেস ২৩৬.৭ মিটার (৭৭৭ ফুট) থেকে সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে ৪৭৯.৭ মিটার (১,৫৭৪ ফুট) পর্যন্ত। সিওল টাওয়ারের নাম ২০০৫ সালে এন সিওল টাওয়ারে পরিবর্তিত হয়েছিল, যেখানে "N" এর অর্থ 'নতুন', 'নামসান' এবং 'প্রকৃতি'। টাওয়ারটির সংস্কার এবং পুনর্নির্মাণে প্রায় ১৫ বিলিয়ন KRW ব্যয় করা হয়েছিল।[6][7]

যখন এন সিওল টাওয়ারের আসল মালিক CJ কর্পোরেশনের সাথে একীভূত হয়ে যায়, তখন এটির নামকরণ করা হয় এন সিওল টাওয়ার (যার সরকারি নাম CJ সিওল টাওয়ার)। YTN এটি ১৯৯৯ সালে CJ কর্পোরেশন থেকে অধিগ্রহণ করে এবং এর নাম পরিবর্তন করে YTN সিওল টাওয়ার রাখে। এটি নামসান টাওয়ার বা সিওল টাওয়ার নামেও পরিচিত। এটি কোরিয়ার প্রথম সাধারণ রেডিও তরঙ্গ টাওয়ার যা KBS, MBC, SBS TV, FM, PBC, TBS, CBS এবং BBS FM এর ট্রান্সমিশন অ্যান্টেনা ধারণ করে।[8]

এন সিওল টাওয়ার, চাংদকগুং প্রাসাদের সাথে, বিশ্বব্যাপী ভ্রমণ বিশেষজ্ঞ মূল্যায়ন এবং পাঠকের পছন্দ সমীক্ষার ভিত্তিতে লোনলি প্ল্যানেটের আল্টিমেট ট্র্যাভেল লিস্টে বিশ্বের শীর্ষ 500টি পর্যটন গন্তব্য স্থানগুলির মধ্যে একটি হিসেবে নির্বাচিত হয়েছে।[9]

তল এবং সুযোগ সুবিধা

এন সিওল টাওয়ার তিনটি প্রধান বিভাগে বিভক্ত, যার মধ্যে রয়েছে এন লবি, এন প্লাজা এবং এন টাওয়ার। এন প্লাজা দুটি তলা নিয়ে গঠিত, যেখানে এন টাওয়ারটি চারটি তলা নিয়ে গঠিত।

লবি

প্লাজা P0/B1 (লবি): অন্তর্ভুক্ত: মানমন্দিরে প্রবেশ, তথ্য ডেস্ক, জীবন্ত যাদুঘর, ক্যাফে, চিলড্রেন্স থিয়েটার, নার্সিং রুম।

প্লাজা

প্লাজা P1: অন্তর্ভুক্ত: টিকেট বুথ, ফুড কোর্ট, লাইট গার্ডেন, গ্রাস টেরেস, স্যুভেনির শপ, চরিত্র ও ছবি।

এন প্লাজার দুটি তলা রয়েছে। প্রথম তলায় টিকিট বুথ, এন টেরেস, এন গিফট এবং একটি বার্গারের দোকান রয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় তলায় "প্লেস ডাইনিং", একটি ইতালীয় রেস্তোরাঁ এবং রুফ টেরেস রয়েছে যেখানে "লক্স অফ লাভ" পাওয়া যায়।

প্লাজা P2: অন্তর্ভুক্ত: রেস্তোরাঁ, রুফ টেরেস, ক্যাফে।

টাওয়ার

এন টাওয়ারের চারটি তলা রয়েছে: 1F, 2F, 3F, এবং 5F (কোরিয়ার বেশিরভাগ বিল্ডিং চতুর্থ তলা এড়িয়ে যায়)।[10] এখানে চারটি পর্যবেক্ষণ ডেক রয়েছে (৪র্থ পর্যবেক্ষণ ডেক, যেটি ঘূর্ণায়মান রেস্তোরাঁ, প্রতি ৪৮ মিনিটে একটি ঘূর্ণন হারে ঘোরে), সেইসাথে উপহারের দোকান এবং দুটি রেস্তোরাঁ রয়েছে।  ওপর থেকে সিউল শহরের বেশির ভাগই দেখা যায়।  এন সিউল টাওয়ারের কাছে একটি দ্বিতীয় জালির ট্রান্সমিশন টাওয়ার।  টাওয়ারটি ৩৬০° প্যানোরামিক ভিউ সহ একটি ডিজিটাল মানমন্দির অফার করে যা ৩২টি এলসিডি(LCD) স্ক্রিনের মাধ্যমে কোরিয়ার ইতিহাস প্রদর্শন করে।  এটি এন টাওয়ারের তৃতীয় তলায় অবস্থিত।[6]

টাওয়ার T1: অন্তর্ভুক্ত: কোরিয়ান রেস্টুরেন্ট "হ্যানকুক"

টাওয়ার T2: অন্তর্ভুক্ত: অ্যানালগ অবজারভেটরি, দ্য উইশিং পন্ড, স্কাই রেস্টরুম, স্কাই কফি, ফটো স্টুডিও

টাওয়ার T3: অন্তর্ভুক্ত: ডিজিটাল অবজারভেটরি, শকিং এজ এবং ডিজিটাল হাই-পাওয়ার টেলিস্কোপ, উপহারের দোকান

টাওয়ার T5: অন্তর্ভুক্ত: একটি ঘূর্ণায়মান রেস্টুরেন্ট[11]

আকর্ষণ

নমসান টাওয়ার

কাছাকাছি নামসান টাওয়ার

অনেক দর্শনার্থী নমসান ক্যাবল কারে চড়ে টাওয়ারে হেঁটে মাউন্ট নামসান এর উপরে উঠেন।  টাওয়ারটি একটি জাতীয় ল্যান্ডমার্ক হিসাবে এবং এর শহরের দৃশ্যের জন্য বিখ্যাত।  ২৩৬.৭ মি (৭৭৭ ফুট) টাওয়ারটি নামসান পর্বতে (২৪৩ মি বা ৭৯৭ ফুট) অবস্থিত।  এটি প্রতি বছর হাজার হাজার পর্যটক এবং স্থানীয়দের আকর্ষণ করে, বিশেষ করে রাতের সময় যখন টাওয়ারটি আলোকিত হয়।  ফটোগ্রাফাররা টাওয়ারের প্যানোরামিক দৃশ্য উপভোগ করেন।  প্রতি বছর, আনুমানিক ৮.৪ মিলিয়ন এন সিউল টাওয়ার পরিদর্শন করে, যা দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার অফার নামসান পার্ক এবং নামসাংগোল হ্যানোক গ্রাম সহ অন্যান্য অনেক আকর্ষণ দ্বারা বেষ্টিত।[12] দর্শনার্থীরা একটি ফি দিয়ে টাওয়ারে যেতে পারে যা নিম্নলিখিত গ্রুপগুলির জন্য আলাদা: শিশু, বয়স্ক এবং কিশোর এবং প্রাপ্তবয়স্করা।  প্রতিটি প্যাকেজ এবং গ্রুপের আকারের জন্য রেট আলাদা।

২০১২ সালে, সিউল সিটি দ্বারা পরিচালিত সমীক্ষায় দেখা যায় যে বিদেশী পর্যটকরা এন সিউল টাওয়ারকে এক নম্বর পর্যটক আকর্ষণ হিসেবে স্থান দিয়েছে।[13] এন সিউল টাওয়ারও এখন সিউলের প্রতীক।

টাওয়ারের আলো

এন সিউল টাওয়ার সূর্যাস্ত থেকে ২৩:০০(শীতকালে ২২:০০) পর্যন্ত নীল রঙে আলোকিত হয় যে দিনগুলিতে সিউলের বাতাসের মান ৪৫ বা তার কম।  ২০১২ সালের বসন্তের সময়, টাওয়ারটি ৫২ দিনের জন্য আলোকিত হয়েছিল, যা ২০১১ সালের তুলনায় চার দিন বেশি।[14] টাওয়ারটি সর্বশেষ এলইডি (LED) প্রযুক্তি ব্যবহার করে দর্শকদের 'হালকা শিল্প' এর মাধ্যমে একটি ডিজিটাল, সাংস্কৃতিক শিল্প অভিজ্ঞতা প্রদান করে।[8] এন সিউল টাওয়ার "রিডস অফ লাইট" এবং "শাওয়ার অফ লাইট" সহ অনেকগুলি বিভিন্ন শো করে।

এর একটি ব্যতিক্রম হল আর্থ ডে (Earth Day)।  পৃথিবী দিবসে, শক্তি সংরক্ষণের সচেতনতা প্রচারের জন্য দেশব্যাপী আলোকসজ্জা করা হয়েছিল।  রাত ৮ টায় (কে.এস.টি)।  সেই দিন, নমসানের এন সিউল টাওয়ারের আলো অন্ধকারে অদৃশ্য হয়ে যায়।[15]

লভ প্যাডলোক

নভেম্বর ২০১১-এ সিউল মেট্রোপলিটন সরকার দ্বারা পরিচালিত প্রায় ২০০০ বিদেশী দর্শকদের একটি জরিপে, ১৬ শতাংশ বলেছেন যে টাওয়ারের বেড়াতে টাওয়ার নামক তালা ঝুলানো ছিল ভালবাসার প্রতীক হিসাবে সিউলে তাদের প্রিয় কার্যকলাপ।[16] এই আকর্ষণটি এন প্লাজার ২য় তলায়, ছাদের টেরেসে অবস্থিত।  "লোকস অফ লাভ" মানুষের কাছে তালা ঝুলানোর একটি জনপ্রিয় স্থান যা চিরন্তন প্রেমের প্রতীক, এবং এই কারণে অনেক কোরিয়ান টেলিভিশন শো, নাটক এবং চলচ্চিত্রে চিত্রিত হয়েছে।[7]

'লাভ প্যাডলক' হল একটি সাধারণ দম্পতি কার্যকলাপ যা একটি তালা এবং চাবি ক্রয় নিয়ে গঠিত, যেখানে আদ্যক্ষর, বার্তা এবং প্রতীকগুলি মার্কার এবং কলম দিয়ে তালার পৃষ্ঠে ব্যক্তিগতভাবে খোদাই করা যেতে পারে।  পূর্ববর্তী অংশগ্রহণকারীদের তালা ভর্তি বেড়া উপর প্যাডলোক সুরক্ষিত, চাবি প্রায়ই চিরন্তন প্রেমের প্রতীক হিসাবে দূরে নিক্ষেপ করা হয়।[17] এটি ফ্রান্সের প্যারিসে পন্ট নিউফ ব্রিজের প্রেমের তালার মতো।

উইশিং পন্ড বা ইচ্ছা পূরণকারী পুকুর এবং অবজারভেটরি

এন টাওয়ার ডিজিটাল অবজারভেটরি এবং উইশিং পন্ড সহ আরও অনেক আকর্ষণ ধারণ করে। উইশিং পন্ডটি টাওয়ারের দ্বিতীয় তলায় পাওয়া যায়, যেখানে লোকেরা ইচ্ছা করার সময় পুকুরে মুদ্রা ফেলে দেয়। চীন এবং দক্ষিণ-পূর্ব এশিয়া, বিশেষ করে অনুন্নত অঞ্চলে স্কুলের উন্নয়নে সাহায্য করার জন্য মুদ্রাগুলি সংগ্রহ করা হয় এবং দান করা হয়।[18] অবজারভেটরিটি, ২০১১ সালে সংস্কার করা হয়েছে, তৃতীয় তলায় রয়েছে। অবজারভেটরিটি শুধুমাত্র শহরের ৩৬০° দৃশ্যই দেখায় না, ৩৬টি LCD স্ক্রিনের মাধ্যমে ৬০০ বছরের কোরিয়ান ইতিহাস প্রদর্শন করে। পঞ্চম তলায় এন গ্রিল নামে পরিচিত একটি ফরাসি রেস্তোরাঁ রয়েছে।

অন্যান্য ঘটনা এবং আকর্ষণ

২০০৮ সালে, টেডি বিয়ার জাদুঘর টাওয়ারে খোলা হয়েছিল, যার উদ্বোধন উদযাপনের জন্য ৩০০ টি টেডি বিয়ার দিয়ে তৈরি একটি ৭ মিটার (২৩ ফুট) লম্বা ক্রিসমাস ট্রি তৈরী করা হয়েছিলো।[19] এটি সিউলের অতীত, বর্তমান এবং ভবিষ্যতের টেডি বিয়ারের পাশাপাশি সিউলের আকর্ষণীয় টেডি বিয়ারের মডেল যেমন চেওংগিয়েচিওন স্ট্রীম, মিয়ংডং, ইনসাডং এবং ডংডেমুন প্রদর্শন করে।[20]

৫৫-ইঞ্চি OLED প্যানেলের প্রদর্শন

লেভেল ১ থেকে ৪ পর্যন্ত নামসান সিউল টাওয়ারের চারপাশে OLED প্যানেলগুলি প্রদর্শিত হয়। লেভেল ১ এ, ৯ m দীর্ঘ OLED টানেলের মধ্যে দিয়ে লাল গোলাপের পাপড়ি দ্বারা স্বাগত বার্তা সহ অভ্যর্থনা জানানো হয়। এবং আমরা দেখতে পাই ১৫m x ৩m প্যানোরামা OLED, চারটি ঋতুতে গোয়াংওয়ামুন গেট এবং গিয়াংবকগুং প্রাসাদের দৃশ্যের একটি বাঁকা প্রদর্শন। লেভেল ২ এ, আমরা OLED সার্কেল দেখতে পাচ্ছি, বাতাসে ঝুলন্ত একটি বৃত্তাকার বেল্টের মতো আকৃতির। লেভেল ৪ এ, সিউল জুড়ে সুন্দর আকাশের প্রতিনিধিত্ব করার জন্য উইশ লণ্ঠন, অগ্নিশিখা এবং ড্যানচেং-এর প্যাটার্নের ছবি দিয়ে সজ্জিত একটি ২৪ মিটার দীর্ঘ তরঙ্গায়িত কাঠামো রয়েছে। এবং পরবর্তীতে, আমরা '3D ভিডিও ওয়ার্ল্ড'-এর অভিজ্ঞতা নিতে পারি।[21]

এন সিউল টাওয়ার থেকে সিউলের দিন প্যানোরামা

এন সিউল টাওয়ার থেকে সিউলের রাতের প্যানোরামা

সম্প্রচার ব্যবহার

এন সিউল টাওয়ার, এটিকে একটি রেডিও/টেলিভিশন সম্প্রচার এবং যোগাযোগ এর মাধ্যম টাওয়ার হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

টেলিভিশন সম্প্রচারক

ATSC 2.0 স্টেশন

চ্যানেল চ্যানেলের নাম কলসআইন স্টেশন পাওয়ার সম্প্রচার এলাকা

ATSC 3.0 স্টেশন

চ্যানেল চ্যানেলের নাম কলসআইন স্টেশন পাওয়ার সম্প্রচার এলাকা

রেডিও সম্প্রচারক

কম্পাঙ্ক স্টেশনের নাম কলসআইন পাওয়ার সম্প্রচার এলাকা

গ্যালারি

টেডি বিয়ার যাদুঘরের প্রবেশদ্বার ভালোবাসার তালা গাছ এন সিউল টাওয়ার থেকে সিউলের একটি দৃশ্য এন সিউল টাওয়ার থেকে সিউলের আরেকটি দৃশ্য

6. তথ্যসূত্র

1. ↑ "Road Name Address Information System"। eng.juso.go.kr। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
2. ↑ Ryu, Myung-Soo (3 August 2009). "A hip tourist hot spot in the thick of it all". Joongang Daily. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013.
3. ↑ "[N SEOUL TOWER][About N SEOUL TOWER] Overview"। www.nseoultower.co.kr (কোরীয় ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
4. ↑ "[N SEOUL TOWER][About N SEOUL TOWER] History"। www.nseoultower.co.kr (কোরীয় ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
5. ↑ "Destinations by Region : VisitKorea Destinations by Region Namsan Seoul Tower (남산서울타워) | Official Korea Tourism Organization"। english.visitkorea.or.kr (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
6. ↑ ঝাঁপ দিন:ক খ "Visit Seoul - N Seoul Tower - Landmarks - Seoul Attractions"। web.archive.org। ২০১৪-০৪-০৭। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
7. ↑ ঝাঁপ দিন:ক খ "Namsan Seoul Tower (남산서울타워) - Official Korea Tourism Organization". english.visitkorea.or.kr.
8. ↑ ঝাঁপ দিন:ক খ "[N SEOUL TOWER][About N SEOUL TOWER] Overview"। www.nseoultower.com (কোরীয় ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
9. ↑ "YTN서울타워·창덕궁 '세계 500대 관광지' 선정"। YTN (কোরীয় ভাষায়)। ২০১৫-০৯-২৬। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
10. ↑ "[N SEOUL TOWER][Tower Map]"। www.nseoultower.com (কোরীয় ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
11. ↑ "N Seoul Tower (N 서울타워) | Official Korea Tourism Organization". english.visitkorea.or.kr.
12. ↑ "Namsan Park and N Seoul Tower"। web.archive.org। ২০১৪-০২-০৭। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
13. ↑ "[N SEOUL TOWER][About N SEOUL TOWER] History"। www.nseoultower.com (কোরীয় ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
14. ↑ "The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea - Improved Air Quality Reflected in N Seoul Tower"। web.archive.org। ২০১৪-০৩-০৪। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
15. ↑ 임, 현동 (2018-04-22). "Earth Day lights off Namsan N Tower for a while to save energy!". JoongAng Ilbo.
16. ↑ "Mt. Nam Tops List of Foreign Tourists' Favorites"। english.chosun.com (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
17. ↑ "Korea.net"। Korea.net (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
18. ↑ "[N SEOUL TOWER][Observatory]"। www.nseoultower.com (কোরীয় ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।
19. ↑ "Cuddles for Christmas". Joongang Daily. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013.
20. ↑ "Teddy Bear Museum Opens in N Seoul Tower at Mt. Namsan". Korea Tourism Organization.
21. ↑ "Namsan Seoultower"। www.seoultower.co.kr (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৪।

1. বিষয় - কোবাকো

2. লেখক - Deepsita, Sayantika, Sreetama

 3. সংক্ষিপ্ত ব্যাখ্যা - কোরিয়া ব্রডকাস্ট অ্যাডভার্টাইজিং কর্পোরেশন (KOBACO) দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার একমাত্র মিডিয়া প্রতিনিধি যারা তাদের সম্প্রচার বিজ্ঞাপন বিক্রয়ের জন্য দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার প্রতিটি টেরিস্ট্রিয়াল ব্রডকাস্টিং কোম্পানির প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী সংস্থা হিসেবে কাজ করে। কোবাকো 1981 সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল এবং মে 2012 সালে সরকারী অর্থায়নে পাবলিক মিডিয়া প্রতিনিধি হিসাবে পুনঃপ্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল। 

 4. উইকিপিডিয়া লিঙ্ক - কোবাকো 

 5. পুরো প্রবন্ধ - 

কোরিয়া ব্রডকাস্ট অ্যাডভার্টাইজিং কর্পোরেশন (KOBACO) দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার একমাত্র মিডিয়া প্রতিনিধি যারা তাদের সম্প্রচার বিজ্ঞাপন বিক্রয়ের জন্য দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার প্রতিটি টেরিস্ট্রিয়াল ব্রডকাস্টিং কোম্পানির প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী সংস্থা হিসেবে কাজ করে।[1] কোবাকো 1981 সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল এবং মে 2012 সালে সরকারী অর্থায়নে পাবলিক মিডিয়া প্রতিনিধি হিসাবে পুনঃপ্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল।

ইতিহাস

শুরু

KOBACO 1981 সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়।[2]

૧৯৮0 এর দশক

૧৯৮૧ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠার পর, কোবাকো MBC এবং KBS এর পক্ষ থেকে বিজ্ঞাপন বিক্রি সম্প্রচার শুরু করে। ૧৯৮৫ সালে শেষ হওয়ার পর কোবাকো প্রেস সেন্টারে চলে আসে। পরবর্তী বছরগুলিতে, কোবাকো নামহান রিভার ট্রেনিং ইনস্টিটিউট (বর্তমানে কোবাকো ট্রেনিং ইনস্টিটিউট) এবং কোবাকো অ্যাডভারটাইজিং একাডেমি নির্মাণ সম্পন্ন করে। ૧৯৮৭ সালে এটি কোবাকো বিজ্ঞাপন একাডেমি প্রতিষ্ঠা করে।

૧৯৯0 এর দশক

૧৯৯૧ সালে, কোবাকো SBS এর পক্ষ থেকে তার সম্প্রচার বিজ্ঞাপন বিক্রয় প্রসারিত করে। এটি ૧৯৯0 এর দশকের শেষের দিকে সিউল আর্টস সেন্টার, আরিরাং টাওয়ার এবং ব্রডকাস্টিং সেন্টারের জন্য তৃতীয় নির্মাণ পর্বও সম্পন্ন করে।

২000 এর দশক

২000 সালে, কোবাকো আইন সংশোধন করা হয় এবং রেটিং সার্ভে যাচাইকরণ কাউন্সিল চালু করা হয়। ২00৩ সালে, কোবাকো KOBAnet (কোরিয়ান ব্রডকাস্টিং অ্যাডভার্টাইজিং নেটওয়ার্ক) খোলে এবং পরের বছরে, কোবাকো স্থলজ ডিএমবি বিজ্ঞাপন বিক্রয় চালু করার বিষয়টি নিশ্চিত করে। ২00৫ সালে, কোবাকো নামহান রিভার ট্রেনিং ইনস্টিটিউটকে সরাসরি ব্যবস্থাপনায় রাখার পর পুনরায় চালু করে। এটি একই বছর কোবাকো ডেটা এক্সপ্রেস (কোডেক্স) চালু করেছে। ২00৬ সালে, কোবাকো KOBACO বিজ্ঞাপন সংস্কৃতি কেন্দ্র খোলে এবং পরের বছর নতুন KOBACO CI প্রতিষ্ঠা করে। ২00৮ সালে, কোবাকো বিজ্ঞাপন জাদুঘর ২00৮ খোলে। ২00৯ সালে, KOBACO ADport নামে একটি অনলাইন বিক্রয় ব্যবস্থা চালু করে এবং এটি প্রথম পাবলিক সার্ভিস অ্যাডভার্টাইজিং ফেস্টিভ্যালও আয়োজন করে।

২0૧0 এর দশক

২0૧0 সালে, ভার্চুয়াল বিজ্ঞাপন এবং PPL এর জন্য প্রযোজ্য আইন প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল। ২0૧২ সালে, কোবাকো শুধুমাত্র সরকারী অর্থায়নে পাবলিক মিডিয়া প্রতিনিধি হিসাবে পুনঃপ্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়। KOBACO এর ব্যবসার ক্ষেত্রটি টিভি, রেডিও এবং ডিজিটাল মাল্টিমিডিয়া ব্রডকাস্টিং (DMB) এর সম্প্রচার বিজ্ঞাপন বিক্রয় থেকে কেবল, আইপিটিভি, এবং স্যাটেলাইট সম্প্রচারের জন্য প্রসারিত হয়েছে।[3][4]

গঠন

কোবাকো একটি স্বাধীনভাবে পরিচালিত পাবলিক কর্পোরেশন (공사, 公社) দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার সরকার দ্বারা অর্থায়ন করা হয়। কোবাকো বিভিন্ন বিভাগ নিয়ে গঠিত যা নিম্নরূপ তালিকাভুক্ত করা যেতে পারে:

শিল্প উন্নয়ন ও সহায়তা

শিল্প উন্নয়ন ও সহায়তা বিজ্ঞাপন প্রচার বিভাগ, পাবলিক সার্ভিস বিভাগ এবং বিজ্ঞাপন পরিকাঠামো দল নিয়ে গঠিত। দক্ষিণ কোরিয়ার একমাত্র সরকারী অর্থায়নকৃত বিজ্ঞাপন ব্যবস্থাপনা প্রতিনিধি হিসাবে, পূর্বোক্ত বিভাগগুলি সাধারণ শিল্পের উন্নতি এবং জনস্বার্থকে উন্নীত করার লক্ষ্যে বিভিন্ন ব্যবসায় জড়িত। ১৯৮১ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হওয়ার পর থেকে, কোবাকো পি.এস.এ (জনসেবা বিজ্ঞাপন) সম্প্রচারের মাধ্যমে সামাজিক সমস্যা সম্পর্কে সচেতনতা বৃদ্ধি করেছে। এটি বিজ্ঞাপন জাদুঘর, বিজ্ঞাপন একাডেমি, কোবাকো প্রশিক্ষণ ইনস্টিটিউট, বিজ্ঞাপন গ্রন্থাগার এবং বিজ্ঞাপন গবেষণা ইনস্টিটিউট পরিচালনা করে। 

মিডিয়া বিজনেস হেডকোয়ার্টার

মিডিয়া বিজনেস হেডকোয়ার্টার মিডিয়া পলিসি বিভাগ, নতুন ব্যবসা উন্নয়ন বিভাগ এবং মার্কেটিং রিসার্চ টিম নিয়ে গঠিত। মিডিয়া বিজনেস ডিপার্টমেন্ট এম.সি.আর (মিডিয়া ও কনজিউমার রিসার্চ) পরিচালনা করে এবং পি.ই.আই সূচক ঘোষণা করে। এটি কোবানেট এবং কোডেক্স এর মতো আইটি অবকাঠামো দিয়ে সজ্জিত। কোবানেট হল একটি ব্যাপক আই.টি ই-কমার্স সম্প্রচার বিজ্ঞাপন ব্যবস্থা যা বিজ্ঞাপন সংস্থাগুলির জন্য সম্প্রচারিত বিজ্ঞাপন কেনার প্রক্রিয়া পরিচালনা করার জন্য ডিজাইন করা হয়েছে। কোডেক্স হল সম্প্রচারিত বিজ্ঞাপন বিতরণের জন্য একটি ডিজিটাল এক্সপ্রেসওয়ে। সম্প্রচার বিজ্ঞাপনের মাধ্যমে এটি ছোট এবং মাঝারি আকারের ব্যবসাগুলিকে সমর্থন করে যখন এটির ডোমেন ডিএমবি এবং নিউ মিডিয়াতে প্রসারিত করে। এটি সম্প্রতি মিডিয়া বিজ্ঞাপন সংস্থাগুলির সাথে তার সম্পর্ক প্রসারিত করছে এবং বিদেশী মিডিয়া সংস্থাগুলিকে সমর্থন করছে যারা কোরিয়াতে বিজ্ঞাপন দিতে চায় এবং এর বিপরীতে। নিউ বিজনেস ডেভেলপমেন্ট ডিভিশন নিউ মিডিয়া বিজনেস টিম এবং গ্লোবাল বিজনেস টিম নিয়ে গঠিত। গ্লোবাল বিজনেস টিম কোরিয়া এবং বিদেশী উভয় ক্লায়েন্টদের লিঙ্ক করার উপর দৃষ্টি নিবদ্ধ করে যারা মুদ্রণ বা সম্প্রচার স্টেশনে বিজ্ঞাপন দিতে চান। কোবাকো  আন্তর্জাতিক বিজ্ঞাপনদাতাদের কাস্টমাইজড সমাধান প্রদান করে এবং ক্লায়েন্টদের বিপণন কৌশলগুলিকে সহায়তা করার জন্য ডাব্লিউ.পি.পি এর সাথে তার কাজের চুক্তি ব্যবহার করে।

বিক্রয় সদর দপ্তর

বিক্রয় সদর দপ্তর বিক্রয় বিভাগ I, II, বিক্রয় পরিকল্পনা দল এবং বুসান, দেগু, গোয়াংজু এবং দেজনের শাখা নিয়ে গঠিত। কোবাকো তার ব্যবসা MSO, IPTY এবং কেবল প্রোগ্রামগুলিতে সম্প্রসারিত বিজ্ঞাপনের প্রক্সি বিক্রয়, ETC এর পরে প্রসারিত করেছে। মে 2012 সালে কার্যকর হয়।

কোবাকো ফাউন্ডেশন

কোবাকো বিজ্ঞাপন জাদুঘর

কোবাকো বিজ্ঞাপন একাডেমি

কোবাকো অ্যাডভার্টাইজিং একাডেমি হল প্রথম দেশীয় বিজ্ঞাপন শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠান যা 1999 সালে আন্তর্জাতিক বিজ্ঞাপন সংস্থা (IAA) দ্বারা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে স্বীকৃত। 2007 সাল থেকে এটি সম্ভাব্য কর্মচারীদের এবং বিজ্ঞাপন সম্পর্কে আরও শিখতে আগ্রহীদের প্রশিক্ষণ প্রোগ্রাম প্রদান করা শুরু করে।

কোবাকো বিজ্ঞাপন জাদুঘর

কোবাকো বিজ্ঞাপন জাদুঘর কোরিয়ান সমাজের ইতিহাস থেকে বিজ্ঞাপনের মাধ্যমে বড় সামাজিক প্রভাব সহ বিজ্ঞাপন পর্যন্ত আটটি প্রদর্শনী ধারণ করে। জাদুঘরটি বিজ্ঞাপনের উন্নয়ন সম্পর্কে একটি শিক্ষামূলক স্থান হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং এর ডিজিটাল আর্কাইভে 1886 থেকে বর্তমান পর্যন্ত প্রায় 45,000 বিজ্ঞাপন রয়েছে।

কোবাকো বিজ্ঞাপন সংস্কৃতি কেন্দ্র

কোবাকো অ্যাডভার্টাইজিং একাডেমি, লাইব্রেরি, মিউজিয়াম এবং রিসার্চ ইনস্টিটিউটের জন্য সম্মিলিত জায়গা হিসাবে 2006 সালে বিজ্ঞাপন সংস্কৃতি কেন্দ্র খোলা হয়েছিল। কোরিয়া ফেডারেশন অফ অ্যাডভার্টাইজিং অ্যাসোসিয়েশন, কোরিয়া অ্যাডভার্টাইজিং সোসাইটি, কোরিয়া অ্যাসোসিয়েশন অফ অ্যাডভারটাইজিং এজেন্সি এবং কোরিয়া কমার্শিয়াল ফিল্ম মেকার ইউনিয়নও এখানে পাওয়া যাবে।

অধিভুক্ত প্রতিষ্ঠান

কোরিয়া পাবলিক সার্ভিস বিজ্ঞাপন কাউন্সিল

কোরিয়া পাবলিক সার্ভিস অ্যাডভার্টাইজমেন্ট কাউন্সিল (হাঙ্গুল: 공익광고협의회, hanja: 公益廣告協議會) কোরিয়া ব্রডকাস্টিং অ্যাডভার্টাইজমেন্ট প্রমোশন কর্পোরেশনের অধীনে একটি সংস্থা, এবং এটি প্রায় 20 জন বিশিষ্ট মিডিয়ার সমন্বয়ে গঠিত, যা প্রচার মাধ্যমের সমস্ত বিজ্ঞাপনের প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে। , সম্প্রচার, বিজ্ঞাপন, এবং নাগরিক গ্রুপ। প্রধান কাজ হল পাবলিক সার্ভিস বিজ্ঞাপন (সম্প্রচার করা পাবলিক সার্ভিস বিজ্ঞাপন, মুদ্রিত পাবলিক সার্ভিস বিজ্ঞাপন) এবং একটি নির্দিষ্ট স্তরের উপরে পাবলিক সার্ভিস বিজ্ঞাপনগুলি সম্প্রচার সম্পর্কিত আইন অনুসারে সম্প্রচারের মাধ্যমে সংগঠিত হয়।

 6. তথ্যসূত্র

1. ↑ "KOBAnet - KOBACO 차세대영업시스템"। kobanet.kobaco.co.kr। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৫।
2. ↑ "한국방송광고진흥공사"। terms.naver.com (কোরীয় ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৫।
3. ↑ "KOBAnet - KOBACO 차세대영업시스템"। kobanet.kobaco.co.kr। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৫।
4. ↑ "한국방송광고진흥공사"। terms.naver.com (কোরীয় ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২৩-০৩-২৫।

1. Topic: Yeongdeok Snow Crab Street

2. Writer: Sukanya, Shirsha

3. Short Explanation: We created a Wikipedia page on 'Yeongdeok Snow Crab Street' in English. Yeongdeok Snow Crab Street is a street in Yeongdeok, South Korea, with a defined cuisine theme. Yeongdeok was selected as one of the 2013 food-themed streets together with Juksun Food Village in Damyang and Dakgalbi Street in Chuncheon. 

4. Wikipedia Link: Yeongdeok Snow Crab Street 

Yeongdeok Snow Crab Street

Yeongdeok Snow Crab Street is a street in Yeongdeok, South Korea, with a defined cuisine theme. Yeongdeok was selected as one of the 2013 food-themed streets together with Juksun Food Village in Damyang and Dakgalbi Street in Chuncheon.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] [9][10]

Snow Crab in Yeongdeok

In South Korea, snow crabs are a native species, and their Korean name, "daege," literally translates to huge crab in English. Snow crab is a winter delicacy that is well-known for its meaty, long legs, soft texture, sweet flavour, and length. Due to the belief that eating snow crab on New Year's Day will bring good health for the rest of the year, it is an integral part of Korean New Year Festival. The food chain of plankton and snow crabs under the sea is different from other sea locations because the coast of Yeongdeok has a golden sandy bottom and is in a very different environment from the tidal flats of the west coast. The Yeongdeok snow crab has evolved spontaneously as a result of the snow crabs' long-term environmental adaptation and acclimatisation.

Yeongdeok snow crab is a high-protein basic food. Snow crabs from Yeongdeok have a significant impact on local economy in addition to providing health benefits. Since 1969, Yeongdeok-gun has issued a statistical yearbook with a cover featuring Yeongdeok snow crab, solidifying Yeongdeok snow crab as a defining Yeongdeok speciality.[10][9][8][7][6][5][4][3] [2][1]

Yeongdeok Snow Crab Village

The crab village is located on the coast of the East Sea. This village is a traditional fishing village and home to Yeongdeok snow crabs, well known from the Goryeo period. The streets are huge to accommodate the around 100 plus shops selling crabs along the Ganggu port. A gigantic red snow crab structure above Ganggu Bridge is built to welcome visitors.[4][5][8][9][3][7][2][1][11][12]

Yeongdeok Snow Crab Street

Even though snow crab is caught in various parts of the East Sea, including Pohang, Uljin, Gangneung, and Samchoek, the term "Yeongdeok snow crab" is commonly used to refer to it. In the past, all of the snow crabs caught in different East Sea locations were brought to Yeongdeok, unloaded, and then delivered to other locations due to a lack of transportation infrastructure. The National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives auction commences following the unloading of the snow crab from the fishing boats at the Suhyeop sales site in Ganggu port. The largest snow crab distribution hub in the nation, Ganggu Port in this region handles 500 tonnes of snow crab annually.[9][8][7] [5] [10][2][13] [14][15]

170 restaurants serving snow crab are scattered along the streets around Ganggu Port. Some eateries procure their snow crabs straight from the port's auction site. Restaurants offer customers the chance to select a live snow crab which is then cooked and served to them by placing crabs on display outside the doors; they also steamed crabs outside the doors in pots. The number of boats that bring them and the crabs' condition are two elements that have a significant impact on the price of raw snow crab. Steamed snow crab daege jjim paired with crab soup and fried rice is a popular snow crab meal combination.[9] [7][8][5] [10][3] [2] [12] [14][16][8]

Origin of Yeongdeok Snow Crab

Snow crab was offered to the monarch at the royal meal from the Goryeo to the Joseon dynasties. Legend has it that Wanggeon, the founder of the Goryeo Dynasty, first experienced snow crab in a location in Gyeongjeong-ri of Chuksan-myeon in Yeongdeok, which is now Chayu Village, in 930 AD while traveling to Gyeongju. The term "daege," a combination of the Korean letters daenamu and ge, which represent bamboo and crab, respectively, was given to the crabs that were gathered from the sea close to this settlement because they possessed legs that resembled bamboo shoots. It was then included in the royal diet.[9] [8][5] [7][10] [3][17]

Snow Crab variations in Yeongdeok

In the Snow Crab Street, snow crabs are housed in aquariums where seawater is pumped and the saline level is maintained consistently to keep the crabs fresh. These aquariums have labels to specify the kind of snow crab they contain. Bakdal daege, Yeongdeok daege, Hongge, or red snow, and Neodo daege are a some of the variants that are offered.

Each of these varieties has a distinctive appearance, texture, or flavor. The Bakdal tree, a substantial hardwood tree, is where the name of the Bakdal snow crab comes from. The crab had a firm shell and a definite gold color. Due to their exceptional quality and the difficulty of collecting them, which requires specialized boats because they are 500–700 meters deep in the ocean, these crabs have quality mark tags on one of their legs that have been approved by the Ship Owners' Association.

The Yeongdeok variation has a white shell in the front and brown at the back and comparatively long legs for its body. This variety has more meat and is chewy with a much lighter taste. These crabs are sold for significantly less if one or two of their legs are gone. In addition to being less expensive than other fish, Hongge daege is distinguished by its scarlet body color, firm shell, salty flavor, and salty taste. On the other hand, Neodo snow crabs, which are typical snow crabs, have an intermediate colour with Hongge snow crab. Due to its blue hue, it is also known as blue snow crab, and it is relatively meatier and tastier than Honggae crab.[9][8] [7] [10][5] [4][3] [18]

Health benefits

The important elements amino acids, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and lysine, to name a few, are abundant in snow crabs. Snow crab is good for the elderly, frail, and patients because of its low fat content, which makes it simpler to digest. It is also suggested that students consume snow crab in order to maintain good health. Lysine in snow crab helps improve osteoporosis and cataracts in addition to improving and strengthening immunity. This snow crab's shell also includes chitosan, which promotes low cholesterol and prevents the buildup of body fat, making it a potential weight-control and anti-aging food. These qualities make chitosan useful in the medical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries. [9][8] [7][5][3] [19]

Yeongdeok Snow Crab Dishes

Yeongdeok snow crab is eaten by breaking and removing the leg meat with the mouth or by using a crab fork. Next, the body is cracked open, the gills are removed, and the meat is placed in the crab shell and mixed well with the insides and the juice. The meaty and not-so-salty Yeongdeok snow crab are eaten with rice, seaweed flakes, and sesame oil in the crab shell[3][5].[7][8] [9][19]

Daege tang

Daege tang literally translates into snow crab soup. This soup is served hot with steamed snow crab. The meat of the snow crab is removed from the legs of steamed Yeongdeok snow crab. Along with this course meal, gejang bap is also served. [3][5][8][9][19]

Daege jjim

Daege jjim is steamed snow crab. This is prepared by steaming the crab between 120°C and 130°C, making sure the crab’ stomach is facing up, until the shell turns red[3].[5][7] [8][9][19]

Gejang bap

Gejang bap is rice-marinated crab, a delicacy served in a steamed snow crab course meal. [9] Apart from these Daege bibimbap, Daege shabu-shabu, Daege hoe (sliced raw snow crab), braised snow crab with fried rice, and Daege maeuntang (spicy snow crab stew) [12]

Snow Crab Festival

This annual festival usually takes place for five days around Ganggu port in March or April during the peak season for Yeongdeok snow crabs. Various events are conducted for visitors, and the best time for visitors to buy snow crab is at the public auction. The events consist of the Ganggu street festival, bell-ringing ceremony, ceremonial walk of Wanggeon, the founder of Goryeo, golden snow crab catching, cooking contest, auction, and local specialty market (Yeongdeok specialty promotion store), sponsored and managed by the Yeongdeok Snow Crab Festival Promotion Committee. The 23rd Snow Crab Festival was held online from 2020.12.01 to 2020.12.31 during the COVID pandemic. This year 2023 marked the 26th Yeongdeok Snow Crab Festival, held on 2023.02.24–2023.02.26.[20][13][4] [9][8] [5] [7]

6. Sources:

1.  "영덕대게보존마을:환영합니다". ydcrab.invil.org. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
2. "영덕대게보존마을:환영합니다". ydcrab.invil.org. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
3.  "KOREA [2015 VOL.11 No.11]". www.korea.net. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
4. "KOREA [2012 VOL.8 No. 3]". www.korea.net. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
5. "Destinations by Region : VisitKorea Destinations by Region Yeongdeok Crab Village (영덕대게마을) | Official Korea Tourism Organization". english.visitkorea.or.kr. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
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Hello. everyone! We are team India. This March, our team investigated the Korean Embassy's COP-based public diplomacy strategy. These are the main points.

1. India's Position on COP

At COP 26, most countries promised to implement carbon neutrality by 2050, but Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that they would achieve it by 2070. The reason why India is skeptical about COP26 is that although India is the world's third-largest carbon emitter, its per capita carbon emissions are low. India said the Cop27 would phase out all fossil fuel use if it supported its position at the previous meeting.

2. Current State of Environmental Public Diplomacy at the Korean Embassy in India

The Korean Embassy is working on various public diplomacy efforts to strengthen environmental cooperation with India. In April 2021, the Korean Embassy held the 'Indian Environmental College Student Conference' with the Indian Ministry of Environment to raise Indian university students' awareness of environmental issues.

3.COP-based Local Public Diplomacy Strategy

As a policy public diplomacy strategy, there is a way to inform India of Korean environmental policies. The education public diplomacy strategy is to boost exchanges between Korean and Indian college students, and the private public diplomacy strategy is a way for Korean vegan cosmetics companies to enter the Indian market. Finally, there is a way of environmental challenges. An example of this is the U.S. Embassy Eco Challenge.

For more information, please check out our card news article and report. Thank you all!  

1. Topic: Education System In South Korea 

2. Writer: Srayeta Bhowmik 

3. Short Explanation: This article explains in detail how the education system works in South Korea. 

4. Wikipedia Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Education_System_in_South_Korea

5. The Whole Article: 

South Korea has some of the highest rates in education, especially in terms of literacy, sciences, and mathematics among OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries on its Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). The quality and level of Korean schools and their education is high. Both public and private schools provide a great standard of teaching.

The Korean Education System has employed a 6-3-3-4 single ladder system, which denotes six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, three years in high school and four years in university. The Ministry of Education (MOE) is a government body that is responsible for the formulation and enactment of educational policies. The government provides guidance in basic policy matters as well as financial assistance.

Since 2004, all Koreans are required to complete middle school under compulsory education, where children need to study in school became compulsory to acquire basic education and knowledge. All citizens are equally given access to education, irrespective of social status and/or position. The nine years of middle and high school are compulsory but from high school and forth, students choose an education path based on their career choice.

HISTORY

Throughout ancient times, Korean society has valued education and the learned, but until the end of the Korean War, not everyone had access to a formal education. Young-Key Kim-Renaud mentioned in the ‘World Education Encyclopedia’, “Since antiquity, Koreans have studied abroad in China, India, and Japan, frequently acting as a bridge between nations. Despite foreign invasions, Korea remained independent until succumbing to Japanese domination (1910-45). Shortly after liberation, Korea suffered the further agony of national division and a cruel civil war (1950-53), which is still not officially ended.”

Two key cultural aspects have shaped the Korean educational tradition. The intense class consciousness of Koreans comes first. Being born into a respectable family was seen to be either a divine mandate or at the very least a reward for earlier lives of virtue. Prior to the development of modern society, advancement into a higher social class was only seldom achievable due to merit. The second and most significant trait is that Koreans have traditionally regarded society's top leaders as having the best education. 

Confucianism, Buddhism and Education in Korea: -

Korean educational beliefs have been influenced by Confucianism. Education, or the socialization into Confucian rules and virtues that started in early life with the reading of the Confucian classics, was the glue keeping the traditional nobility together. The ideal person was the so-called "true gentleman," a morally upright and educated scholar-official who was equally skilled in poetry and diplomatics.

According to the “World Education Encyclopedia, “Confucianism arrived in the Korean peninsula much earlier, but it was the Yi Dynasty (Joseon Dynasty) that adopted the neo-Confucianism of Chu Xi (1130-1200) as the official code for maintaining social and political order and for promoting harmony. Korean Neo-Confucianists believed in the transcendent dignity and goodness of man, and in human perfectibility. Donald N. Clark wrote in “Culture and Customs of Korea”: “In Confucian societies such as China and Korea, education was a prime qualification for leadership. This education was attained through a lot of work and cost in district and village schools, where it was rigorously enforced by experienced teachers.

Buddhism also had an impact on the education in Korea, even though not as influential as Confucianism. According to the World Education Encyclopedia, “Buddhism was introduced in A.D. 372 through China, first to the Goguryeo (고구려), but was soon embraced by both aristocrats and commoners throughout the peninsula. t became the national religion for 865 years. Chinese characters were implemented along with Buddhism and as a result, art and academia flourished. Buddhist temples were also used as educational institutions. In east Asia, notable scholar-monks founded significant Buddhist schools.

Both traditional Korea and modern North and South Korea's social and cultural development has been significantly influenced by formal schooling. Beginning in A.D. 788 and continuing until 1894, the classic Confucian-style state examinations, known as Gwageo (과거) were used to choose government officials. Young-Key Kim-Renaud wrote in the” World Education Encyclopedia”: “Formal education in Korea started in the Three Kingdoms era. It is recorded that the people of Goguryeo (37 B.C.-A.D. 668), the kingdom closest to China, were already studying the Five Classics of Confucianism, as well as Sima Qian's "Historical Records" (Shıjì) and Bangù's "History of the Han Dynasty" (Hàn shū), the Yùpian Chinese character dictionary, and an anthology of Chinese literature called the Wén xua n. 

Education during the Shilla Dynasty:

Silla (57 B.C.-A.D. 935), being the farthest from China, is thought to have been the most authentically Korean kingdom. It had an innovative educational system known as Hwarangdo (화랑도)(The Way of Flower Knights), which was well-organized and trained young men for physical and mental beauty and strength with the ultimate goal of protecting their nation. This resulted in the unification of the three kingdoms by Silla in 668. Soon after the unification, when Gukhak (국학) (National Learning) was founded in 682, Confucianism seemed to compete with Buddhism as an unique school of thought. This public university underwent a name change to the Taehakgam (National Confucian University) in the year 750.

Education during the Goryeo Dynasty:

The first Chinese-style civil service examination was given in Korea in A.D. 958 under the Goryeo (고려) Dynasty to fill a critical shortage of government bureaucrats for the establishment of the new dynasty. The dynasty's national school was established in 930 particularly to educate future leaders. In 992, Gukjagam (국자감) (National University), a comprehensive national institution, was founded. Although it was built on the Tang model once more, only nobles had access to it, and they were further defined by the social standing of their families. During the reign of King Injong (인종), the Gukjagam started to resemble a modern university (1122-46). The so-called Six Colleges of the Capital, which included the University College (Gukjahak, 국자학), High College (Taehak, 태학), Four Portals College (Samunhak, 사문학), Law College (Yuhak, 유학), Writing College (Sohak, 소학), and Arithmetic College (Sanhak, 산학), made up this university.  It was decided which school students would attend based on their household social status rather than their interests.

Education during the Joseon Dynasty: 

With the adoption of Neo-Confucianism by the Joseon (조선) Kingdom or Yi Dynasty, the aim of education was to produce moral men who would exercise sound judgement in their acts, attributes seen crucial in all leaders, including the king himself. Appreciation for education and scholarship was unwavering. King Sejong (세종), the creator of the Korean script, established the Jiphyeonjeon (집현전) (Hall or Academy of Worthies), a royal study center whose members had special privileges, such as the ability to pursue their unique intellectual passions at home or in remote locations. Once the dynasty was founded in 1392, the Seonggyungwan (성균관) (National Confucian Academy) was founded in 1398 for identical reasons that motivated Goryeo to build a national institution at its inception. Confucian classics once more become a key educational topic. The system remained to primarily serve aristocrats with the explicit aim of passing the civil service examinations, although it grew more examination-focused over time. Although anybody might theoretically take these exams, in practice only the children of yangban aristocracy had access to preparation options. In Joseon Korea, women were not permitted to attend formal education programs designed to educate men for careers in public service and higher education since they were expected to remain within the confines of the house. Yet, the idea that women needed appropriate education since they were important members of the family and society survived even in a more confucianized Korea. The private academies, called sowon (소원) first appeared in the middle of the sixteenth century and flourished until the late nineteenth century, when they peaked at roughly 300. These institutions appear to have only had minor differences in magnitude and detail from the national college. Several sowons were started by former officials in retirement or with the support of the court. According to some historians, the Confucian literati, also known as the Sarim (forest of academics), withdrew from national politics to live in peace and quiet in the countryside, avoid persecution, and pursue their studies of neo-Confucian philosophers. Others see the growth of private academies as a sign of the rise of the Sarim, a new breed of scholar-officials who are ambitiously committed to neo-Confucianism and determined to achieve the objectives of the Confucian thinkers.

Silhak (Practical learning):

According to the “World Education Encyclopedia”: ““In the early seventeenth century, amid the numerous social and political ills following the invasion, one critical cultural development was a movement called Silhak (실학)(Practical Learning). Silhak scholars emphasized the necessity for public education as well as the promotion of realistic thinking and technocracy because they were serious about changing the status quo to create what they saw as an ideal society. Their research went far beyond Chinese classical studies to include social sciences like politics and economics as well as historiography (especially Korean history), geography, linguistics, astronomy, natural sciences, Western technology, agriculture, medicine, martial arts, and a host of other subjects in almost every field of study.

Education in the 19th century: 

There were significant changes in education during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The central government abolished the sowon. Western-style curricula were taught in the modern schools that Christian missionaries founded. One of these was the first institution of higher learning for women, Ewha Woman's University, founded in Seoul in 1886 as an elementary school by American Methodist missionaries. Up to 3,000 private schools teaching contemporary courses to both sexes were established by missionaries and others during the dynasty's final years. The northern region of the country held many of these schools. Both Koreans and foreign Christian missionaries founded modern private schools. The latter were especially significant since they encouraged women's education and the spread of Western political and social concepts. Education was viewed by enlightenment activists and patriotic leaders as a necessary component of modernisation and independence during the late Joseon period. The English School opened its doors in 1883, and the Garden of Youth Education did the same in 1886. However, the Wonsan Haksa (원산 학사) (Academy), a private school established in 1883 by Jeong Hyeon-seok (정현석), a county magistrate in Wonsan(원산) at the request of the Wonsan traders' association and other locals, was the first modern school in Korea. Korea's first modern school was thus established at the initiative of the residents of a newly opened port city with their own resources in response to a challenge from abroad.

Missionaries and Western Ideas About Education in Korea: 

Roman Catholic missionaries originally introduced Western concepts to Korea in the late eighteenth century, and Protestant missionaries did the same in the late nineteenth century. The ancient reverence for knowledge, traditionally associated with competence acquired through humanistic and liberal education, has now expanded to include disciplines once regarded as less honorable, such as medicine, engineering, mathematics, manufacturing, commerce, foreign languages other than Chinese, professional (as opposed to amateur), fine and performing arts, and others. South Korea has maintained close ties with foreigners ever since the war. Most today's leaders have a wealth of knowledge about various cultures. The fifth year of Korean globalization has been greatly aided by interactions with Americans.

Education in the Early 20th Century: 

Boseong college which is known as Korea University at present time started with two departments- Law and Commerce. They were intended to introduce Western legal, commercial, and technical knowledge to the Korean people struggling to maintain their country's independence. Two years before Korea fell under Japanese colonial rule in 1908, there were roughly 200,000 students enrolled in the country's 5,000 vocational institutions. Christian missionaries founded 796 of these schools, more schools for girls than for boys. In Korea, modern education thus started for women at the same time as it did for males. Private schools providing Western-style education promoted democratic principles and people's self-esteem during the colonial era, which sparked the Korean independence movement. Private schools for both genders continued to thrive, creating a new elite class, even though conservative elements, which made up much of the society, thought the new education was unsuitable and corrupting, especially for women. Education thus became a method of achieving upward social mobility, especially for women. In addition to the Confucian classics, new disciplines like medicine, mathematics, geography, and foreign languages also gained importance. Outside of the home, women started to pursue careers. The 1919 independence movement, which was started by Yu Gwansun(유관순), a young woman from Ewha Hakdang, included complete participation from women.

Education During Japan Period (1910-1945)

After 1910, during the Japanese colonial era, mass schooling started. Following Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910, the colonial government set up an educational system with two objectives: first, to give Koreans a minimal education that would prepare them for subordinate roles in a modern economy and make them obedient subjects of the emperor; second, to give Japanese expatriates a higher quality education. After 1910, during the Japanese colonial era, mass schooling started. Following Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910, the colonial government set up an educational system with two objectives: first, to give Koreans a minimal education that would prepare them for subordinate roles in a modern economy and make them obedient subjects of the emperor; second, to give Japanese expatriates—who had migrated in large numbers to the Korean Peninsula—a higher quality education. The latter received greater funding from the Japanese, and as a result, prospects for Koreans were severely constrained. Only 12.2% of Korean children aged seven to fourteen went to school in 1930. In Seoul, a state institution styled after Tokyo Imperial University was founded in 1923, but the percentage of Korean students allowed to enroll there was never higher than 40%; the remaining students were Japanese.

Development of Modern Korean Education during the Japan period:

Economic independence and national development through education were highly valued during the 1910–1945 national movement against Japanese rule. This led to the opening of some 3,000 private schools nationwide, strengthening the Korean educational system. According to the “World Education Encyclopedia”: “The government of Japan turned to formal education as a nonmilitary means of ensuring the proper implementation of its policy of educating only as many Koreans as needed, i.e., to improve "market worth" of the colonized to the Japanese interests. The Japanese government launched the assimilation program known as naeson ilche ("Japan and Korea are one entity") from 1930 to 1945 in an extensive effort to erase Korean national identity. This policy was the harshest. Korean language was forbidden in all official settings, particularly in schools and publications, and Koreans were forced to modify their names—even their family names—to sound Japanese. Ironically, the colonial connection therefore deepened the existing intimate cultural ties between Japanese and Korean societies, including their common language and philosophical roots. The Koreans' desire for modernisation and greater appreciation of Western culture are two further effects of the Japanese occupation, which the Koreans regarded as bolstering Japan. Nonetheless, many Koreans were already interested in Western concepts and methods before the occupation as potential remedies for the numerous flaws in their cultural legacy. The country has seen significant changes because of its will to reconstruct after the Korean War and Japanese rule. As pragmatism is seen as beneficial to progress, it has not only become unavoidable but also respectable. The first national program placed a strong emphasis on economic development, particularly during the 30 years of military rule (1961-92). Koreans' understanding of the world grew as their economy and politics demanded regular interaction with foreigners. 

EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION OR PRE-PRIMARY

It is known as Yuchiwon (유치원).This is to eliminate- the educational gap and the first step towards learning. Early childhood education is imparted usually in two different setups. First are daycare centers that provide care for infants and toddlers and second, kindergartens that educate and nurture three-year-olds and above. Kindergarten was introduced in South Korea by the Japanese in 1897 which was the Busan Kindergarten and then in 1913 and 1914 respectively, Gyeongseong (경성) Kindergarten and Ewha  (이화)Kindergarten were established. As of 2021, there are 8,659 kindergartens in total, which consist of 3 national, 5,058 public, and 3,598 private kindergartens. The kindergarten enrollment rate in 2000 was only 26.2% but has steadily climbed to reach a record 48.9% in 2019.

-:Law:-

The government developed certain kindergarten policies based on the Education Act of 1949. The Kindergarten Facility Standards Code (1962), the National Kindergarten Curriculum (1969), and the Early Childhood Education Promotion Act (1982) were subsequently constructed. In 1992, the Education Act and the Early Childhood Education Promotion Act were revised to enable 3-year-olds to be admitted to kindergarten.

The government implemented policies on early childhood education to ensure equal educational opportunities, available to all, from an early age and is continuing to do so. One of them is the government funded, Nuri Curriculum. This curriculum was released for 3–5-year-olds in July,2012 to strengthen the nation’s responsibility for early childhood education and reducing the burden on parents. It is a national-level curriculum that has been enacted to provide equal educational opportunities to all children by providing free educational expenses during the early ages. The National Kindergarten Curriculum which was enacted in 1969 has been reformed 11 times which in 2012 got a new name known as Nuri Curriculum. Initially, the curriculum was for 5-year-old children in kindergarten and daycares. In 2013, it was expanded to include all children from 3- to 5-year-old children. Pre-primary education mainly focuses on developing and enriching a child’s basic abilities such as reading, writing, mathematical thinking, music, and physical activity.

PRIMARY EDUCATION 

In Korea, the primary education consists of primary or elementary schools and middle schools, and hence is compulsory for all Korean citizens. Korea’s compulsory elementary school education began in 1950 and following that, in 1985 compulsory middle school education was introduced. It first started on a small scale, in small and medium-sized cities. Slowly, it spread regionally to larger cities and finally Seoul, with nationwide implementation in 2004.

The elementary level is for 6 years and is mandatory for all. At the elementary level, students are taught Korean, Social studies/Ethics, Mathematics, Science/Practical Arts, Physical education, Music/art, and English, where the Practical Arts classes are applicable to grade 5 and 6. A 1-hour class period usually lasts for 40 minutes in principle but it is subject to change and are altered according to weather, season, student development, learning content types, and school situations. Time allocated, in terms of respective grades and subjects shows standard class hours in 2 academic years, each with 34 weeks.

The middle school is for 3 years, and this level is also mandatory for all citizens. At this level, almost the same subjects as middle school are taught which included Korean, Social Studies (including history)/Ethics, Science/Technical Education & Home Economics, Physical Education, Music/Arts, English and Elective.  Here, each 1-hour class period lasts for 45 minutes in principle, but they can be altered depending on the weather, season, student development, learning content types and school situations. The standard class hours, at the middle level, are spread over 3 academic years, each with 34 weeks.

After graduating from middle school and getting sufficient grades, students can get admission in high schools.

SECONDARY EDUCATION 

In South Korea, all high school programs are for a timeframe of three years. High schools are referred to as Godeung Hakgyo (고등 학교). Individuals who have graduated from middle school or who have passed a qualifying exam and/or an assessment where equivalent credit is granted may enroll in high school. High schools can be broadly classified into four categories- regular, special-purpose, vocational and autonomous. The vocational classes are for gifted students, the special schools are for science, arts, physical education etc. and the autonomous schools have more freedom over school administration and curricula. The methods of admission to each of these depend on the type and/or the location of the school. High schools are not compulsory and hence they are not free of cost, so students have to pay for entrance fees and tuition.

The main goal of high school is to help young students with middle school accomplishments become a democratic citizen who is competent and efficient enough to communicate with the big world around them and after understanding their aptitude, outline and help them with their career goals. To reinforce and develop and manifest their essential learning and encouraging, motivating, and empowering and helping them to do their best with their wanted career plans. To achieve this, the general course of study focuses on four main subject areas. They are fundamental, exploration, physical education and art, life, and culture. One major requirement is meeting unit requirements. Students can choose from an array of classes that best suit their interest and goals, but they must meet the needed unit requirements. The coursework is divided into standard and advanced where the standard coursework includes all the core subjects that the students must take and complete to equip them with basic academic skills. 

Regular high schools consist of curriculums that involve general educational components in a variety of disciplines that make up a major part of all high schools. When taking admissions, they consider academic grades and test scores.

In case of special-purpose schools, talents from different fields of study are considered and hence for them, highly specialized modules are created and applied. These high schools are categorized into science high school, foreign language high school, international high school, arts high school, physical education high school and customized industry high school. Admissions screening takes into consideration, a transcript, teacher recommendation letters, an interview, a performance report, and an assessment of self-directed learning.

The third type of high schools are vocational high schools. Hands-on teaching and coaching toward aptitude development are the focus here. These schools produce creative and intelligent professionals through coaching. Core subjects include Korean, English, Mathematics and Social Studies. Along with that, vocational high schools employ rational, pragmatic programs according to their characteristics such as manufacturing, agriculture/living industry, industry, commerce and information, fisheries/marine science, home economics/business. Here, admissions depend on grades, an interview and performance. Most of the vocational education take place in specialized vocational high schools wherein Meister high schools provide students with industrial demand-driven courses and along with this, there are several general schools who offer several vocational education programs as part of their curriculum. Meister high schools refer to a system in Korea that focus teaching students’ practical knowledge so that they can perform in industrial field as professionals and hence find decent jobs immediately after graduating from high schools and continue building their career without having to go to college. The word Meister comes from the German word ‘Meister’ which refers to the highest level of professional skills and craft qualifications. 

The government's employment support system links schools, local offices of education, and the central government to assist students in finding more career opportunities following graduation. The Central Employment Support Center which is a newly established facility oversees identifying companies with good future career prospects and then this information is communicated to the employment support centers under the metropolitan and provincial offices of education. Vocational schools promote the initiative that has been undertaken by the government which goes by the tagline ‘Job first, University later’ which helps students to get a job at an earlier age. It additionally permits individuals to increase their proficiency through higher study anytime they choose to do so after obtaining a job. The broadening of college curricula for working students and tuition assistance are two additional forms of support that are employed to help them achieve their career objectives.

And lastly, there are the autonomous high schools. On a broader level, these high schools have a curriculum that is quite like regular high schools but additionally, they provide diversified courses while balancing autonomy and accountability. Autonomous high schools are of both public and private. Autonomous public schools conduct their admissions based on a random computerized lottery among an application pool. Alternately, in case of the autonomous private schools, they employ holistic review where it considers each applicant’s GPA, teacher recommendations, assessment of self-directed learning, and interview.

HIGHER EDUCATION 

Higher education is given to high school graduates or other similar individuals who have educational backgrounds equivalent to a high school graduate and is approved and recognized and authorized by relevant laws and regulations in Korea and a bachelor’s degree or a professional license is given once they complete the respective course. The goals of universities and colleges are to shape students' personalities, teach, and conduct research on the profound theories of science and art required for global and national progress. Higher education institutions usually include four-year universities and colleges, two or three-year junior and technical colleges, and graduate schools. Addition to these, there are also several special types of universities and colleges, depending on their purpose of establishment. Some of these institutions include universities of education where elementary school teachers are trained, industrial colleges for lifelong education, cyber universities based on information and communication technology, corporate colleges founded by companies to meet the needs of their employees, and polytechnic colleges for training job-related skills. Many universities have graduate schools and deliver masters’ and doctoral programs for several courses. Students can pursue postgraduate degrees at professional graduate schools in the disciplines of law, pharmacy, and medicine as well as at specialized graduate schools in public administration, education, and business administration. Generally, universities take in students based on the applicants’ College Scholastic Ability Test results, school transcript and other factors that put forward their readiness for tertiary education.

On May 20,2021, the Ministry of Education announced the Support Strategy for Systematic College Management and Innovation to reduce and avoid the deterioration in the pursuing and quality of tertiary or higher education as a significant decline in school-age population pursuing higher studies. Since the limited source of prospective students restrained colleges from carrying out their purpose properly in education and research. This initiative proposed three main policies: -

1. Actively support colleges to voluntarily adjust to optimal sizes to pursue self-sustaining innovation.
2. Induce financially and educationally unstable colleges to undergo drastic transformation, whereas those not showing improvement are closed.
3. Create a more collaborative higher education ecosystem between colleges in the metropolitan area and elsewhere, universities and junior colleges, as well as colleges in the same locality. 

Admissions:-

As mentioned earlier, admissions in higher education institutions depend on high school diploma or equivalent and an entrance exam called the College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT). Colleges and Universities select students based on their performance in the CSAT exam and by analyzing their previous education records (especially high school). To prevent confusion and to avoid bias, college admissions process has been made more focused on the CSAT exam and their school records instead of essay writing and other skills as they may be subjective depending on the type of school they come from and private tutoring. Admissions policies and guidelines are announced to the public well in advance to make certain students have adequate time to prepare and plan for their college admissions. 

Eligibility and Requirements for Admissions: -

1. CSAT: The CSAT is a standardized test used to assess students' aptitude for university admission. Contents of CSAT include Korean language, mathematics, English, Korean history, exploratory (social studies, sciences, vocational education), foreign language, and Chinese characters.
2. Transcript of High School Records: The transcripts require both academic and non-academic activities. The academic section includes students’ high school academics and life, and the non-academic section includes students’ volunteer activities, certificates, and award history.
3. University Examination: As part of the candidate screening process, universities use a variety of exams, including essays, verbal interviews, aptitude tests for the major, performance tests, and others.

There are three different types of admissions. They are: -

1. Early Admission: Application starts in September and announcement of successful applicants is done in the month of December. For early decision admission, applicants may submit applications to up to six four-year institutions. Conventional screening methods include academic screening, comprehensive screening, and performance screening (including special ability screening).
2. Regular Admission: Application starts in December and successful applicants are announced in February. Students are allowed to apply to up to three universities for regular admissions. Screening procedures usually include CSAT screening and essay screening.
3. Additional Admission: When universities require additional students after early and regular admission, additional admissions are conducted. 

As of 2021, there are 152,281 international students in Korea. There are 32,263 students enrolled in non-degree courses and 120,018 students who are pursuing undergraduate degrees. The non-degree courses include students in language courses, jointly operating curriculums, student exchange programs, visiting programs and others. Although institutions in Korea have distinct college entrance criteria, Korean language proficiency is mostly examined to admit foreign students.

Scholarship:- 

Korea's national and public institutions have an average tuition of $4,792, ranking it in eighth place, while private colleges have an average tuition of $8,582, ranking them in seventh place. The expense of paying for postsecondary education was proving to be difficult for many citizens. Regarding this, in 2012, the national scholarship program was introduced by the government with the purpose of educational equity to those with ability and willingness despite their circumstances. In 2022, the budget will be 4,1348 trillion won, up from 1,7500 trillion won in 2012. Government-funded scholarship grants are differentiated based on household income and asset levels. For example, Type I scholarship is granted directly to applicants meeting the income and asset levels and the minimum requirement for GPA. Students who have two or more siblings can also receive scholarship, whereas Type II scholarship is granted to students meeting specific requirements set by each university. Along with them, local talent enrolled in a college in a non-metropolitan area after graduating from a high school in the same non-metropolitan area can also receive a scholarship. The government promotes universities as places where future leaders can be developed by tailoring the curricula to the needs of both students and companies. 

SPECIAL EDUCATION 

Special Education refers to education offered to children and students with disabilities and special needs. In Korea, special education for students with disabilities is compulsory from kindergarten through high school. The Ministry of Education has started well-crafted services for children with different types of disabilities such as support for counseling, family matters, treatment, care assistants, assistive technology devices, learning equipment, commuting, and information access. Children with disabilities under the age of three, as well as those who wish to pursue higher vocational and career education after high school graduation, are both entitled to free education. These advanced vocational and career education programs are generally provided by special education institutes for one or two years. According to the severity and features of the disability, special education comprises a tailored curriculum and assistance (counseling, treatment, and assistive technology device). 

Act On Special Education for Persons with Disabilities, etc.: -

This act was enacted in 2008 with the goal of providing individuals with special needs with an integrated educational and learning environment. Adapting educational strategies to a student's traits and level of impairment at various points in their life cycle can help them reach their full potential in society. Additionally, it explains how central and local authorities play a role in the selection and placement of special education receiver and the prevalence and practicality of compulsory schooling- kindergarten, through elementary, middle schools to high school as well as free educational opportunities.

The special education program can be broken down into four categories: kindergarten, core courses, electives that follow general education requirements, and fundamental courses that are intended to support students' independence and community involvement, to those who are incapable of realizing general education competency.

LIFELONG EDUCATION 

Section 31. 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea declares that the State shall promote lifelong education. The term ‘Lifelong Education’ refers to all types of systematic learning activities other than regular school curricula, which incorporates six major areas: supplementary education, adult literacy education, competence-based vocational education, humanities education, culture and art education, and citizen involvement education. The 21st Century Education Committee of UNESCO proposed lifelong learning as the key to transforming the 21st century by placing "learning to live with," "learning to know," "learning to do," and "learning to be" at the center of education in a report titled "New Perspectives and Prospects for Education in the 21st Century" in 1996. At their meeting in 1996, the education ministers of the OECD decided to create policies for "lifelong learning for all. Lifelong learning was added to adult education, which had previously been referred to as recurrent education, and it was given national urgency or importance.

In 2015, the UN General Assembly embraced the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development which put forward 17 targets that needed to be achieved by countries and the international community until 2030. The Goal 4 of Sustainable Development Agenda encapsulates ambitions for education which aims to ‘ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.’

One of the aftermaths of the Fourth Industrial Revolution was a shrink in the number of school-age population and a rising surge of adults. It has been estimated that by 2025, people 25 years and older would form more than 80% Korean population. In this situation, lifelong learning is seen as the central focus of governmental policies. Policies are devoted to nurturing human resource skills, combating social polarization—caused by income, knowledge, technology, area, and academic background, enlivening local communities, and fostering democratic citizenship.

There are different types of lifelong education. They include:

1. Autodidacticism: In an alternative open higher education system known as autodidacticism, self-learners could achieve a bachelor's degree while also advancing the goals of self-actualization and community improvement. A bachelor's degree will be awarded in the name of the Minister of Education to someone who successfully completes the prerequisites for high school graduation by self-studying and passing the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary exams. The Central Education Evaluation Institute started offering the self-taught higher education test in 1990. Associated responsibilities were rendered to Korea National Open University in 1998 and to the National Institute for Lifelong Education in 2008 with the Lifelong Education Act amended. This type of higher educational institutes offers 11 majors in 10-degree types, including Bachelor of Arts, Laws, Public Administration, and Engineering.
2. Credit Bank: Credit Bank is a system that enables individuals to gain or receive credits for various types of experiences, learning and credentials gained both inside and outside the classroom. Under Article 9 of the Credit Recognition Act, etc., if a person who holds high school diploma or equivalent or reaches certain criteria by accumulating credits, they can earn an associate or bachelor’s degree. The representative open lifelong learning system of Korea compensates for the shortcomings of regular higher education. The Korean Educational Development Institute was entrusted with the credit bank system in 1997, and in March 1998, it was first administered.  The operating body was transformed to the National Institute for Lifelong Education in 2008 because of the Lifelong Education Act's amendment in 2007. Degrees are granted by the Minister of Education or the head of a higher education institution.
3. Lifelong learning voucher: The Lifelong Education Voucher Support project which aims to provide economically underprivileged individuals with the opportunity participate in lifelong learning and improve their quality of life. Individuals receiving voucher assistance can select a course based on their circumstances and educational background. The Lifelong Education Voucher Support Project was started in 2018 to improve government responsibility for adult education. Formerly, an educational welfare system included elementary, middle, and high schools as its core. A low-income individual receives a voucher of 350,000 won annually, while an active user receives a voucher worth 700,000 won annually. Voucher recipients take a class they are interested in—at approximately 1,700 institutions that accept vouchers.
4. K-MOOC: K-Mooc stands for Korean Massive Open Online Course. Amid a global paradigm change for tertiary education, this service that enables anyone to engage in college classes whenever, anywhere, at no cost, was launch in 2015. At present, about 890,000 members get access to over 1,000 courses of K-MOOC. Artificial Intelligence courses have also been added recently. Massive Open Online course (MOOC), in general, is a web-based platform that offers courses with proper constructed goals. There are limit to these classes and can be taken by anyone. Interactive learning is carried out through several methods such as question-answer sessions, discussions, quizzes, assignments, and a network of communities between professors and students and among students. ‘Great Class, Great Minds’ is a broadcast that features world famous scholars from humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences which is initiated in collaboration with EBS and began from the end of August 2021.
5. Short-term vocational certificate (Matchup): Matchup is committed to developing and managing 36 online courses that address business needs in nine growing industries, including big data, blockchains, smart cities, and new energy vehicles. To demonstrate their prospective value throughout the hiring process, learners can use it as an opportunity to develop their abilities further and acquire both a certificate of completion and a certificate of proficiency. Hours of matchup training are recognized by some employers. The Enforcement Decree of the Act on Credit Recognition, etc. was amended in December 2019 to allow matchup completion results to be acknowledged as credits.
6. Support for Lifelong learning system at College: With the help of the College Lifelong Learning System Support Project, which was started in 2017, the government assists colleges in making their facilities suitable for adult learners and providing practical classes. Presently, around 4,000 students who attend 30 schools (23 colleges, 7 junior colleges) and 113 departments are beneficiaries.
7. Support for local-friendly lifelong learning: The Regional Lifelong Learning Support Project is carried out to foster a culture of lifetime learning and create an ecosystem of locally driven lifelong learning. Lifelong learning cities have been designated and these cities have been provided financial assistance since 2001. So far, there are 180 Lifelong learning cities.
8. Adult literacy education: As per adult literacy policies, curriculums are established and strengthened that encompasses elementary to middle school education as well as literacy programs for illiterate or poorly educated individuals over the age of 18.  The National Adult Literacy Education Poetry Exhibition is held each year.

EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION 

Central Education Administrative Governance:

In Korea, the national education administration is governed by both the central and provincial organizations. The central education administration oversees the President, Prime Minister, Ministry of Education as well as its affiliated organizations. It is interesting to note that the Minister of Education also serves as Deputy Prime Minister. The Ministry of Education is the principal administrative body in charge of overseeing all aspects of education on a national level, including the formation of policies pertaining to lifelong learning, schooling, and academic affairs in general.

Provincial offices of education:

Since the Local Education Autonomy Act was passed in 1991, the administration of provincial education has been decentralized, and provincial offices of education now handle most of the administrative decision-making and the provincial education budget on behalf of the Ministry of Education. The provincial offices of education, the provincial education administration organizations, and the education committees under local councils, which are the deliberative and decision-making bodies of provincial education, are key players in local education governance. Provincial superintendents of education are directly elected by their residents. Superintendents of education oversee all aspects of provincial educational administration throughout their four-year terms, including education, the arts, and science.

6. Sources

1. https://english.moe.go.kr/main.do?s=english

2. http://koreaneducentreinuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/2020EducationinKorea.pdf

3. https://www.krivet.re.kr/eng/eu/ek/euBAAVw.jsp?gn=E1-E120200969

4. Culture and Customs of Korea” by Donald N. Clark, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, London, 2000

5. Andrea Matles Savada and William Shaw, Library of Congress, 1990

6. Young-Key Kim-Renaud, “World Education Encyclopedia”, The Gale Group Inc., 2001

7. A Glossary of Romanization of Korean (Excel file):

1>TOPIC : . KOREAN RED CROSS BLOOD SERVICES 

2>WRITER: MIMLI CHATTERJEE , SANHITA BOSE , MADHUMITA BODAK , SUMAIRA RAHMAN

3>BRIEF SUMMARY: This project is about the blood services operations offered by Korean Red Cross. The project discusses in details how Korean Red Cross Blood Services is the major organisation offering blood services across the country . It also sheds light into its structure and major achievements in their field of work.

5>ARTICLE:

1. KOREAN RED CROSS BLOOD SERVICES:-

 The Korean Red Cross Blood Services (KRCBS) is the major blood supplier in Korea. With the support of their voluntary non-remunerated blood donors, they aim to provide safe and effective blood products and services. In addition to collecting, testing, processing, and providing blood products to patients in need of a transfusion, they are also committed to transfusion research and plasma fractionation products and bone marrow donations. In 1958 it took over the national blood centre to initiate blood services and was renamed as Korean Red Cross Blood Centre. Initially the blood services operated on the system of paid donation later in the year 1974 it transitioned from paid donation to voluntary non-remunerated blood donations. Finally in 1981 it was entrusted with National Blood Services by South Korean government in accordance with Presidential Decree No 10285. The government in 1994 entrusted it with the management and supply of plasma fractionation products and bone marrow donations. In one of it’s applauded moves in 2012 it designated 13th of every month as “Blood Donation Day”. In the recent years of 2019 and 2020 in the former year a MOU was establish between Korean Red Cross Blood Services(K.R.C.B.S) and United States Forces Korea(U.S.F.K) for blood collection and supply, and in the later year it was involved in the collection of convalescent plasma to treat covid-19 patients. 

2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE KOREAN RED CROSS BLOOD SERVICES ORGANIZATION: -

 The Director General looks after 4 branches

i> Planning and Management Bureau 

ii> Blood Donor Promotion Bureau 

iii> Blood Safety Bureau

iv> Information Management Bureau

 Each of these branches are subdivided as follows: -

 i> PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT BUREAU 

     • Planning and Coordination Team 

     • General Affairs Team 

     • Financial Management Team 

     • Procurement and Asset Management Team

     • Labour Cooperation Team 

ii> BLOOD DONOR PROMOTION BUREAU 

     • Inventory Analysis and Management Team 

     • Blood Donor Promotion Team 

     • Public Relations Team 

iii> BLOOD SAFETY BUREAU

     • Safety Planning Team 

     • Quality Assurance Team

     • Quality Verification Team

 iv> INFORMATION MANAGEMENT BUREAU 

     • Information Planning Team

     • Blood Information Team

     • Business Information Team

•  The entire process involves :-

              i> Blood Centre (15)

                    • Blood Donation Centre (146) 

             ii> Plasma Fractional Centre

            iii> Blood From Fusion Research Institute

            iv> Blood Laboratory Centre(3)

 3. KEY FIGURES: -

➢ Number of blood donations

➢ Number of blood products issued (KRCBS): -

➢ KEY FIGURES IN 2021: -

4. DONOR ELIGIBILITY: -

 Donor Eligibility for Foreigners (Updated on September 17, 2019)

•  One must have stayed in Korea for more than a year to donate blood (excluding the period for overseas travel)

-If one has visited other countries for more than 90 days accumulatively within one year, one will need to wait a year from the date of return.

-You will be deferred from donation if you have travelled overseas within 1 month

※ If one has travelled overseas while living in Korea, he/she has to contact  with our staff by telephone or email to avoid unnecessary visit.

• one should be able to speak Korean as the interview will be conducted in Korean                                                                                - Only their staff or a third person will be qualified as an interpreter (family members and co-workers are not allowed to provide interpretation)
• One should have a valid ID card to participate in blood donation. Alien registration, domestic residence report certificate, domestic driver's license, permanent resident card, ID card issued by USFK are accepted as valid ID cards. A passport is valid if you are exempt from alien registration.

-In special cases, such as being an ambassador, the requirement for valid ID card may be waived after a thorough review by the blood centre.

• All of the above should be met in order to donate.

5.KEY MILESTONES  :-

The major achievements  in their field of work includes:-

• BIMS
• Nucleic acid amplification for HIV (2005),HCV(2005),HBV(2012)
• Introduction of Computer based Blood donor self-interview system. 
• Introduction of blood product GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice)

• BIMS: -    The Blood Information Management System (BIMS) was established to manage all the process from collection to supply (2003).BIMS is a web-based integrated system, established in 2002, to manage overall blood services from donor selection to the supply of blood products. BIMS enables users to use the system more efficiently with easy access. It is an optimized system to improve the integrity of blood safety management and the efficiency of services provided to donors and patients through the real-time analysis of the database. 

➢ SIGNIFICANCE OF BIMS: -

• Introduction of nucleic acid amplification test for HIV and HCV(2005): -

Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is a molecular technique for screening blood donations to reduce the risk of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) in the recipients, thus providing an additional layer of blood safety. NAT technique is highly sensitive and specific for viral nucleic acids. It is based on amplification of targeted regions of viral ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and detects them earlier than the other screening methods thus, narrowing the window period of HIV, HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections

• Introduction of computer based blood donor self-interview system (2009): -

There is a substantial literature suggesting that computer-assisted interviewing has advantages over face-to-face and written self-administration of interviews in venues eliciting sensitive information similar to that sought in blood donor history screening. We review some of the recent developments in blood donor history screening, the evidence suggesting that automated interviews should be useful, and the experience to date using computer interviews for blood donation. These data suggest that automated computer-assisted interviewing increases the elicitation of behaviours associated with the risk of transfusion-transmissible infection in donors, improves donor and staff satisfaction, and reduces errors and omissions that frequently accompany traditional interviewing methods.

•  Introduction of blood product GMP (GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE) (2019): -

GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE(GMP): - Good manufacturing practice in blood establishments GMP is the part of quality assurance that ensures that blood products are consistently produced and controlled to the quality standards appropriate to their intended use, as required by predefined specifications and, if applicable, by the marketing authorization. GMP is aimed primarily at diminishing the risks inherent in any blood establishment operation — such as contamination (including cross-contamination), mix-ups, disease transmission or other unexpected adverse outcomes resulting from the use of blood products. GMP is concerned with both production and quality control. 

The basic requirements of GMP are the following:-

• All manufacturing processes are clearly defined by policies and standard operating procedures, are systematically reviewed in the light of experience, and are shown to be capable of consistently manufacturing products of the required quality that comply with their specifications. 
• Qualification of equipment and reagents and validation of processes and methods are performed prior to use in the manufacture of products intended for transfusion or further manufacturing. 
• All necessary resources are provided — including appropriately qualified and trained personnel, adequate premises, suitable equipment, appropriate materials, approved procedures and instructions, suitable storage and transport.
• A system is available to maintain traceability of all released products in order to facilitate recall, if necessary, of any product suspected of not conforming to standards, and there is also a system to handle complaints. 
• A system is available that addresses process and quality improvement functions and activities.

6. WHO CC: -

 KOREAN RED CROSS BLOOD SERVICE was designated as WHO CC in 2014. Its function is to carryout activities in compliance with WHO Programs. WHO collaborates with other international health organizations to aid humanitarian purposes .

❖ The scope of work includes:

Training and mentoring the members in order to develop well organized national programs.

Provide technical support to’ WHO’ especially in the centralization of blood donation testing and processing. This is done as per the WHO guidelines and recommendation so that it can function with maximum efficiency reaching both global and regional levels.

It also spreads awareness among the public to accomplish 100% voluntary nonremunerated blood donation through donor education materials.

❖ Activities as WHO CC:-

➢  Capacity building for blood transfusion service (Tanzania) (2016 - 2018)

From 2016 to 2018, 45 delegates of Tanzania visited KRCBS for capacity building to enhance Tanzania's blood services and contribute to public health.  

Through the 3 years of training, the delegates were able to set up an action plan to secure a stable blood supply in Tanzania.    As a result, blood collection in Tanzania has increased from 196,735 units in 2016 to 307,835 units in 2018.

➢ Study tour

The KRCBS has developed study tour programs for blood service professionals from other countries since its designation as a WHO Collaborating Center since 2014.

The purpose of the programs is mainly to share the expertise in operating a national blood services and provide the opportunity to visit facilities. As of December 2019, delegates from 19 countries participated in the study tour program to learn best practices in blood service.

➢ Asia Pacific Workshop on Voluntary Blood Donor Recruitment in 2016

The KRCBS hosted the 'Asia Pacific Workshop on Voluntary Blood Donor Recruitment' in 2016, in cooperation with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). The purpose of the workshop was to raise the awareness of VNRBD and share best practices with national societies.

24 countries participated in the workshop and discussed their VNRBD development strategies and opportunity for future cooperation.

7. THE NEED OF CENTRALIZATION OF BLOOD:-

Blood transfusion is an essential component of health care. An insufficient or unsafe blood supply for transfusion has a negative impact on the effectiveness of key health services and programmes to provide appropriate patient care in numerous acute and chronic conditions. To ensure lifesaving blood transfusion, access to whole blood and blood components is vital. Other types of blood products, plasma-derived medicinal products (PDMPs) in particular, are critical for the prevention and treatment of major morbidities associated with a wide range of inherited and acquired medical conditions and diseases. For these compelling reasons, it is important to ensure access to safe, effective and quality-assured blood products in all countries. Therefore, there is a need for a nationally coordinated and well managed blood system to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and quality of blood products.

The purpose of a national blood system is to ensure timely access to quality, safe and sufficient supplies of blood and blood components for all the patients needing transfusion. However, many low- and middle-income countries are still unable to provide sufficient supplies of whole blood and blood components for patients at all times or in all geographical locations. Vulnerable  groups in these countries, such as women with peripartum haemorrhage and children with anaemia from malaria, are often the worst affected by insufficient or unsafe blood supplies. A major barrier to the achievement of universal access to safe blood transfusion in these countries is their ineffective and inefficient blood supply systems. These systems are often fragmented, composed of many small-scale blood establishments, operated by multiple players and have varying levels of performance owing to resource and infrastructure limitations. Experience in many countries has demonstrated that a nationally coordinated and effectively regulated network of blood establishments, in which key functions are centralized, has many advantages. Centralization optimizes use of resources, reduces overall costs, promotes compliance with quality and safety standards, improves patient access to the most suitable blood components for transfusion, and enhances resilience in emergency situations that affect blood supply or safety. The World Health Organization’s Action framework to advance universal access to safe, effective and quality assured blood products 2020–2023 recommends countries to consolidate blood donation testing and processing in appropriate facilities. Such facilities should have effectively implemented quality systems to overcome the shortcomings that often exist in decentralized blood systems that are highly fragmented and to achieve the strategic objective of building functioning and efficiently managed blood services. There is a guidance document provided by WHO for the same. Guidance on centralization of blood donation testing and processing provides a strategic framework to assist Member States in deciding whether to centralize blood donation testing and processing and how to choose the most suitable centralization model for the unique characteristics of the blood system of each country. The guidance document explains the key steps in planning a blood establishment to centralize activities. It also offers practical guidance on implementing quality, risk management and information management systems, and on managing the infrastructure, human and financial resources necessary for a blood establishment that will perform centralized blood donation testing and processing. Centralization of blood donation processing can play an important role in increasing the availability of quality plasma for fractionation. This guidance is complementary to the Guidance on increasing supplies of plasma-derived medicinal products in low- and middle-income countries through fractionation of domestic plasma. The guidance document provides a strategic framework to assist Member States in increasing their volume of quality plasma suitable for fractionation to help address unmet needs for plasma derived medicinal products. 

6>SOURCE:

KOREAN RED CROSS: http://www.redcross.or.kr/eng/eng_main/main.do 

Blood GMP: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/biologicals/bloodproducts/document-

migration/gmp_bloodestablishments.pdf?sfvrsn=34ddd5b6_3&download=true 

Nucleic acid amplification test: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943139/ 

Need of centralization of blood: Guidance on centralization of blood donation testing and 

processing 

Image sources: http://www.redcross.or.kr/eng/eng_main/main.do